نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسنده
دانشیار روابط بین‌الملل، گروه علوم سیاسی، دانشکدۀ علوم انسانی، دانشگاه یاسوج، یاسوج، ایران
چکیده
چین ازجمله کشورهای فعال در حوزۀ دیپلماسی سلامت است. این دیپلماسی در دوران پساکرونا با جدیت بیشتری دنبال شده است. پرسش پژوهش حاضر این است که «دیپلماسی سلامت چین دارای چه اهداف، انگیزه‌ها، و کارکردهایی است؟ فرضیۀ پژوهش، انگیزه چین را سیاسی‌ـ‌اقتصادی، هدف آن را کسب قدرت نرم و کارکرد آن را اقتصادی‌ـ‌سیاسی بیان می‌کند. در راستای بررسی فرضیۀ یادشده از روش کیفی با رویکرد تحلیلی‌ـ‌تبیینی استفاده شده است. داده‌های پژوهش نیز به شیوۀ کتابخانه‌ای و از منابع الکترونیک گرد‌آوری شده است. برپایۀ یافته‌های پژوهش، دیپلماسی سلامت چین، برخلاف دوران جنگ سرد، دیگر متأثر از مسائل ایدئولوژیک نیست و این کشور بیشتر انگیزه‌های اقتصادی‌ـ‌سیاسی را دنبال می‌کند. پکن در طول سه دهۀ اخیر، به‌ویژه پس از گسترش بیماری کرونا در جهان کوشیده است از دیپلماسی سلامت برای ارتقای قدرت نرم خود در جهان بهره ببرد. غفلت امریکا و اروپا از قارۀ افریقا و نیازهای پزشکی کشورهای آن، موجب شده است تا چین، دیپلماسی سلامت خود را در بسیاری از کشورهای افریقایی گسترش دهد. نیاز این کشورها به تجهیزات مراقبتی و پیشگیرانه در جریان شیوع کرونا و نیز تهیۀ واکسن در سال 2021 فرصت‌های بی‌بدیلی را برای پکن فراهم کردند.
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Health, 49(1), 1-4.
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12/25/c_139617652.htm.
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Pauline Kerr, P.; Harris, S.; Qin, Y. (Eds.). China’s “New” Diplomacy Tactical or
Fundamental Change. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 109–130.
Working Together towards Common Goals. Bull World Health Organ, 86(7), 498-
455.
Chaziza, M. (2021). Chinese Health Diplomacy and the Maghreb in the COVID-19 Era.
Middle East Institute, 23 February, available at:
https://www.mei.edu/publications/chinese-health-diplomacy-and-maghreb-covid-19-
era#_ednref5.
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pub-79154.
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public/legacy_files/files/media/csis/pubs/090310-chinesesoftpower-chap3.pdf.
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Routledge.
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china.
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Nature Medicine, 13(10), 1169–1171.
Fidler, D.P. (2013). Health Diplomacy. In: The Oxford Handbook of Modern Diplomacy.
Ed. A.F. Cooper, J. Heine, and R. Thakur, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 691–707.
Gauttam, P.; Singh, B.; Kaur, J. (2020). Covid-19 and Chinese Global Health Diplomacy:
Geopolitical Opportunity for China Hegemony? Millennial Asia, 3(1), 318-340.
Global Times (2021). China’s Medical Devices Exports up More than 40% in 2020 Amid
Fight against COVID-19. Global Times, 14 Jun, available at:
https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202101/1212791.shtml.
González, R. (2021). China Harnesses ‘Health Diplomacy’ to Strengthen its Foothold in the
Middle East. Equal Times, 14 July, available at: https://www.equaltimes.org/china-
harnesses-health-diplomacy.
Hana, R. (2020). Tunisia-China Expresses Readiness to Support Tunisia’s Efforts in
Fighting COVID-19. Tunisie Numerique, March 31, available at: https://news-
tunisia.tunisienumerique.com/tunisia-china-expresses-readiness-to-support-tunisias-
efforts-in-fighting-covid-19/.
Hesketh, T., XZ, W. (1997). Health in China. From Mao to Market Reform. Bmj. 314
(7093), 1543–5.
Huang, Y. (2010). Pursuing Health as Foreign Policy: The Case of China. Indiana Journal
of Global Legal Studies, 17(1), 105–146.
Huang, Y. (2014). Domestic Politics and China’s Health Aid to Africa. China: An
International Journal, 12(3), 176–198.
Huang, Y. (2017). China’s Response to the 2014 Ebola Outbreak in West Africa. Global
Challenges, 1(2), 1-7.
Huaxia (2020). China to Train Libyan Doctors Amid Global Coronavirus Spread. Xinhua, July 18, availablea at: http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-
03/24/c_138910836.htm.
Kadetz, P. (2013). Unpacking Sino-African Health Diplomacy. St Antony’s International
Review, 8 (2), 149-172.
Kickbusch, I.; Silberschmidt, G.; Buss, P. (2007). Global Health Diplomacy: The Need for
New Perspectives, Strategic Approaches and Skills in Global Health. Bulletin of the
World Health Organization, 85(1), 230–232.
Kobierecka, A.; Kobierecki, M.M. (2021). Coronavirus Diplomacy: Chinese Medical
Assistance and its Diplomatic Implications. International Politics, 8 March, available
at: https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1057/s41311-020-00273-1.pdf.
Lee, K. (2004). Globalisation: What is it and How Does it Affect Health? Medical journal
of Australia, 180(4), 156- 160.
Lsilow, H. (2020). Africa turns to Russia, China for COVID-19 Vaccine. Anadolu Agency,
4 March, available at: https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/africa-turns-to-russia-china-for-
covid-19-vaccine/2164154.
Li, A. (2009). Chinese Medical Teams Abroad: A History of Medical Cooperation. Foreign
Affairs Review, 114, 25–45
Li, H. (2020). Coronavirus Diplomacy: China's Opportunity Time to Aid Africa. The Africa
Report, 24 April, availablea at: https://www.theafricareport.com/26750/coronavirus-
diplomacy-chinas-opportune-time-to-aid-africa.
Li, M.; Gang, Ch. (2010). China's Search for a Multilateral World: Dilemmas and Desires.
The International Spectator: Italian Journal of International Affairs, 45(4), 13-25.
Li, M. (2011). Soft Power: China's Emerging Strategy in International Politics. Translation
by Asgar Ghahremanpoor, Tehran: Emam Sadegh University. (In Persian).
Mathiason, N. (2008). New Fight for Congo’s Riches. The Guardian, June 28, Business.
Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/business/2008/jun/29/mining
.congo.
McCormick, D. (2008). China & India as Africa’s New Donors: The Impact of Aid on
Development. Review of African Political Economy, 35(115), 73-92.
Nye, J.S. (1990). Soft Power. Foreign Policy, 80(1), 153–171
Nye, Jo. S. (2004). Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics. New York: Public
Affairs.
Omondi, J. (2020). Tunisia Receives Drones from China to Aid COVID-19 Fight. CGTN
AFRICA, April 26, available at: https://africa.cgtn.com/2020/04/26/tunisia-receives-
drones-from-china-to-aid-covid-19-fight.
Procopio, M. (2020). China’s Health Diplomacy in Africa: Pitfalls behind the Leading
Role. ISPI, 7 Avril, available at: https://www.ispionline.it/en/
pubblicazione/chinas-health-diplomacy-africa-pitfalls-behind-leading-role-25694.
Procopio, M.; Bretherton, H. & Alden, Ch. (2021). Ask the Experts: Has China
Successfully Employed ‘Health Diplomacy’ to Promote its Leadership Role as a
Purveyor of Global Public Goods? The China Foresight Forum (London), 18 March,
available at: https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/cff/2021/03/18/ask-the-experts-has-china-
successfully-employed-health-diplomacy-to-promote-its-leadership-role-as-a-
purveyor-of-global-public-goods/
Serhal, G.B. (2021). The Vaccine Race: How the United States and China’s Geopolitical
Motivations Have Shaped their Global Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic. Trends, 19 August, available at: https://trendsresearch.org/insight/the-vaccine-race-how-the-
united-states-and-chinas-geopolitical-motivations-have-shaped-their-global-response-
to-the-covid-19-pandemic/.
Shih, G. (2021). China’s Economy is Growing Faster Now than before the Coronavirus
Pandemic. The Washington Post, i8 January, available at:
https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/china-economy-growth-
coronavirus /2021/ 01 /17/2138ef2c-5935-11eb-a849-6f9423a75ffd_story.html.
Shih, G. (2021). A year After Coronavirus Emerged in Wuhan, China’s Xi Declares 2020 a
Triumph. The Washington Post, 31 December, available at:
https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/coronavirus-china-xi-speech-
wuhan/2020/12/31/f38e70d0-4b22-11eb-97b6-4eb9f72ff46b_story.html.
Snow, P. (1995). China and Africa: Consensus and Camouflage. Chinese Foreign Policy:
Theory and Practice. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 283–321.
State Council of the People's Republic of China (2011). China’s Foreign Aid. Beijing: State
Council Information Office.
The Chinese Government’s Eight Principles for Economic Aid and Technical Assistance to
Other Countries (1964). In Selected Diplomatic Papers of Zhou Enlai Beijing.
Verma, R. (2020). China’s Diplomacy and Changing the COVID-19 Narrative.
International Journal: Canada’s Journal of Global Policy Analysis, 75(2), 248-258.
Wang X.; Sun T. (2014). China’s Engagement in Global Health Governance: A Critical
Analysis of China’s Assistance to the Health Sector of Africa. Journal of Global
Health, 49(1), 1-4.
Wong, B. (2020). China’s Mask Diplomacy. The Diplomat, 25 March, available at:
thttps://thediplomat.com/2020/03/chinas-mask-diplomacy.
WTO (2020). Trade in Medical in the Context of Tackling Covid-19: Developments in the
First Half of 2020. World Trade Organization, 22 December, available att:
https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/covid19_e/medical_goods_update_e.pdf.
Xinhuanet (2020). Mauritania Receives New Medical Donation from Jack Ma. Alibaba
foundations. Xinhua, April 21, available at: http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/
2020-04/21/c_138993714.htm.
Xinhuanet (2020). Morocco to Buy 65 mln Doses of COVID-19 Vaccine. Xinhua,
December 25, available at: http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-
12/25/c_139617652.htm.
Zeng, J. (2016). The Chinese Communist Party’s Capacity to Rule Ideology, Legitimacy
and Party Cohesion. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Zhu, L. (2008). The Domestic Sources of China’s Foreign Policy and Diplomacy. In:
Pauline Kerr, P.; Harris, S.; Qin, Y. (Eds.). China’s “New” Diplomacy Tactical or
Fundamental Change. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 109–130.
)
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