نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 استادیار روابط بین‌الملل، گروه علوم سیاسی، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه شیراز، شیراز، ایران (نویسندۀ مسئول)
2 دانش‌آموختۀ دوره کارشناسی ارشد مطالعات منطقه‌ای، دانشکدۀ حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه شیراز، شیراز، ایران
چکیده
ظهور اقتصادی چین در دهه‌های اخیر، سبب شده است که هم‌زمان با اهمیت یافتن مؤلفه اقتصاد در سیاست خارجی این کشور، دیپلماسی اقتصادی به‌مثابه یک ابزار در دستورکار سیاست‌گذاری خارجی بیجینگ قرار گیرد. چالش‌ها و فرصتهای ناشی از دو روند هم‌زمان ملی‌گرایی و جهانی‌شدن با تقویت روند همکاری‌های منطقه‌ای نیز بستر مناسبی را دراختیار دیپلماسی اقتصادی چین در مناطق گوناگون، ازجمله آسیای مرکزی قرار داده است. هدف اصلی این مقاله، واکاوی جنبه‌های گوناگون دیپلماسی اقتصادی چین در منطقه آسیای مرکزی است. این مقاله با تکیه بر روش توصیفی‌ـ‌تحلیلی و بهره‌گیری از داده‌های اقتصادی، در پی پاسخ‌گویی به این پرسش است که «دیپلماسی اقتصادی چین در آسیای مرکزی با چه فرصت‌ها و چالش‌هایی روبه‌رو است؟» در‌همین‌راستا می‌توان گفت، با وجود فرصتهای اقتصادی چشمگیر در این منطقه برای دیپلماسی اقتصادی چین، چالش‌های سیاسی مهمی نیز در برابر این شکل از دیپلماسی وجود دارد». یافته‌های این پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که دیپلماسی اقتصادی چین در آسیای مرکزی با فرصتهای اقتصادی‌ای همچون ظرفیت‌های انرژی منطقه، بازارهای مصرفی، محیط نیازمند سرمایه‌گذاری خارجی، و نقش تسهیل‌کننده و اعتمادساز سازمان همکاری شانگهای روبه‌رو است و درمقابل، با چالش‌های سیاسی‌ای مانند حضور قدرت‌های رقیب، چین‌هراسی در منطقه، و شکنندگی دولت‌ها در آسیای مرکزی نیز روبه‌روست.
کلیدواژه‌ها
Arduino, A (2018). China’s Expanding Economic Interests in Central Asia. In:
China's Omnidirectional Peripheral Diplomacy. Edited by Jianwei Wang &
Tiang Boon Hoo. World Scientific Publishing.
Azizi, H (2017). China & Central Asia: Regional Influence and International
Hegemony. Tehran: Mokhatab. (in Persian).
Balcer, A (2012). Between Energy and Soft Pan-Turkism: Turkey and The Turkic
Republics. Turkish Policy Quarterly, 11(2), 151-162.
CEIC Data (2020). China Crude Oil: Imports. (observed at: 2020/11/1). available
at: https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/china/crude-oil-imports.
CIA-World Fact Book (2017). Kazakhstan: Energy, Economy. (observed at:
2020/11/1). available at: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-
factbook/geos/kz.html.
CIA-World Fact Book (2017). Kyrgyzstan: Energy, Economy. (observed at:
2020/11/1). available at: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-
factbook/geos/kg.html
CIA-World Fact Book (2017). Tajikistan: Energy, Economy. (observed at:
2020/11/1). available at: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-
factbook/geos/
ti.html.
CIA-World Fact Book (2017). Turkmenistan: Energy, Economy. (observed at:
2020/11/1). available at: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-
factbook/geos/tx.html.
CIA-World Fact Book (2017). Uzbekistan: Energy, Economy. (observed at:
2020/11/1). available at: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-
factbook/geos/uz.html.
Duarte, P (2014). Turkey vis-à-vis Central Asia: a Geostrategic Assessment.
Turkish Journal of International Relations, 13(3), 31-40.
Heath, T (2016). China’s Evolving Approach to Economic Diplomacy. Asia Policy.
No. 22, 157-192.
Hoh, Anchi (2018). China's Belt and Road Initiative in Central Asia and the
Middle East. Digest of Middle East Studies, 1-36.
Karami, J & Azizi, H (2014). China s Relations with Central Asia: From Security
Linkages to Regional Security Complex. Central Eurasia Studies, 6 (12):
135-154. (in Persian)
Lee, L & Gill, G (2015). India, Central Asia and the Eurasian Union: a New
Ballgame?. India Quarterly, 71(2), 110-125.
Melnikovova, L (2020). China’s Interests in Central Asian Economies. Human
Affairs, No.30, 239-252.
Ministry of Commerce People’s Republic of China (2020). Statistics of FDI in
China. (observed at: 2020/11/1). available at:
http://english.mofcom.gov.cn/article/statistic/foreigninvestment/
Mousavi Shafaei, M. & Imani, H (2018) Economic Diplomacy: An Approach to
Expand of Irans National Power. Strategic Quarterly, (84), 149-174. (in
Persian)
Na-Xi, et al., (2019). How the Belt and Road Initiative Can Help Strengthen the Role of the SCO and Deepen China’s Cooperation with Russia and the
Countries of Central Asia. India Quarterly, 75(1), 56-68.
Neves, M (2017). Economic Diplomacy, Geo-Economics and The External
Strategy of Portugal. E-Journal of International Relations, 8(1), 88-118.
Okano-Heijmans, M (2011). Conceptualizing Economic Diplomacy: The
Crossroads of International Relations, Economics, IPE and Diplomatic
Studies. The Hague Journal of Diplomacy, No. 6, 7-36.
Oliker, O & David, S (2005). U.S. Interests in Central Asia: Policy Priorities and
Military Roles. The RAND Corporation.
Pantucci, R & Oresman (2018). China’s Strategy in Central Asia. in: China Steps
Out: Beijing’s Major Power Engagement with the Developing World. Edited
By: Joshua Eisenman and Eric Heginbotham. pp. 81-101, New York:
Routledge.
Pantucci, R (2019). China in Central Asia: The First Strand of The Silk Road
Economic Belt. Asian Affairs, 50(2), 202-215.
Papadimitriou, P & Pistikou , V (2014). Economic Diplomacy and Security in
Sovereign States. Procedia Economics and Finance, No. 2, 42-65.
Peyrouse, S (2015). Discussing China: Sinophilia and Sinophobia in Central Asia.
Journal of Eurasian Studies, No.7, 14-23.
Reeves, J (2018). China’s Silk Road Economic Belt Initiative: Network and
Influence Formation in Central Asia. Journal of Contemporary China,
27(112), 502-518.
Roushan et al., (2017). Multilateralism: China Strategy in Central Asia. Strategic
Quarterly, 25 (79), 47-69. (in Persian)
Rumer, E et al., (2016). U.S. Policy Toward Central Asia. Carnegie Endowment
for International Peace.
Salman, M & Geeraerts, G (2015). Strategic Hedging and China's Economic
Policy in the Middle East. China Report, 51(2), 102-20.
Sanjar, T et al., (2019) Study on China’s Investment in Central Asia. International
Journal of Innovation Education and Research, 7(4), 299-314.
Sazmand, B & kolaee, E (2012). Internal and External Context of Theories
Transformation in Regionalism Theories. Theoratical Politics Research,
Winter, 9, 127-146. (in Persian)
Scobell, A et al., (2014). China's Strategy Toward Central Asia and South Asia.
Published by the RAND Corporation. Santa Monica. Calif.
Seabrooke, L (2015). Diplomacy as Economic Consultancy. in: Diplomacy and the
Making of World Politics. Edited By: Ole Jacob Sending, Vincent Pouliot,
and Iver B. Neumann. Cambridge University Press.
Shahandeh, B (2000). China Foreign Policy in Central Asia and Caucaueses.
Defensive Politics, Spring (29-30), 87-97. (in Persian)
Shariatinia, M (2013) China & Central Asia: Change in Geoeconomy. Central Asia
and Caucaueses, Spring (77), 133-150. (in Persian)
Silva, J & Galito, M (2014). China's Approach to Economic Diplomacy and
Human Rights. International Journal of Diplomacy and Economy, 2(1/2), 23-
41.
Skalamera, M (2017). Russia’s Lasting Influence in Central Asia. Survival, 59(6), 123-142.
Statista (2020). Annual Outflow of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) from China
Between 2009 and 2019. (observed at: 2020/11/1). available at:
https://www.statista.com/statistics/858019/china-outward-foreign-direct-
investment-flows/#:~:text=In%202019%2C%20the%20value%20of,
approximately%20117.12%20billion%20U.S.%20dollars.
Statista (2020). Total Chinese Investments Between 2005 And 2019, By Global
Region. (observed at: 2020/11/1). available at:
https://www.statista.com/statistics/
276607/chinese-investments-by-global-region/.
Stronski, P & Ng, N (2018). Cooperation and Competition: Russia and China in
Central Asia, The Russian Far East, and The Arctic. Carnegie Endowment
for International Peace.
Trade Map (2020). Bilateral Trade Between China and Africa. (observed at:
2020/11/1). available at: https://www.trademap.org/Bilateral_TS.aspx?nvpm.
Trade Map (2020). Bilateral Trade Between China and Association of South-East
Asian Nations (ASEAN). (observed at: 2020/11/1). available at:
https://www.trademap.org/Bilateral_TS.aspx?nvpm.
Trade Map (2020). Bilateral Trade Between China and Central Asian Republics.
(observed at: 2020/11/1). available at:
https://www.trademap.org/Bilateral_TS.aspx?nvpm.
Trade Map (2020). Bilateral Trade Between China and Europe. (observed at:
2020/11/1). available at: https://www.trademap.org/Bilateral_TS.aspx?nvpm.
Trade Map (2020). Bilateral Trade Between China and Latin America and the
Caribbean. (observed at: 2020/11/1). available at:
https://www.trademap.org/Bilateral_TS.aspx?nvpm.
Trade Map (2020). Bilateral Trade Between China and North American Free
Trade Agreement (NAFTA). (observed at: 2020/11/1). available at:
https://www.trademap.org/Bilateral_TS.aspx?nvpm.
Trading Economic (2019). Kyrgyzstan Exports By Country. (observed at:
2020/11/1). available at: https://tradingeconomics.com/kyrgyzstan/exports-
by-country.
Trading Economic (2019). Kyrgyzstan Imports By Country. (observed at:
2020/11/1). available at: https://tradingeconomics.com/kyrgyzstan/imports-
by-country.
Trading Economic (2019). Tajikistan Exports By Country. (observed at:
2020/11/1). available at: https://tradingeconomics.com/tajikistan/exports-by-
country.
Trading Economic (2019). Tajikistan Imports By Country. (observed at:
2020/11/1). available at: https://tradingeconomics.com/tajikistan/imports-by-
country.
Wani, A (2020). India and China in Central Asia: Understanding The New Rivalry
in The Heart of Eurasia. ORF Occasional Paper. Observer Research
Foundation.
Woolcock, Stephen (2014). Economic Diplomacy. In: Diplomacy in Globalised
Age. edited by Wiseman & Care, Tehran: Abrar Moaser. (in Persian)
China's Omnidirectional Peripheral Diplomacy. Edited by Jianwei Wang &
Tiang Boon Hoo. World Scientific Publishing.
Azizi, H (2017). China & Central Asia: Regional Influence and International
Hegemony. Tehran: Mokhatab. (in Persian).
Balcer, A (2012). Between Energy and Soft Pan-Turkism: Turkey and The Turkic
Republics. Turkish Policy Quarterly, 11(2), 151-162.
CEIC Data (2020). China Crude Oil: Imports. (observed at: 2020/11/1). available
at: https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/china/crude-oil-imports.
CIA-World Fact Book (2017). Kazakhstan: Energy, Economy. (observed at:
2020/11/1). available at: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-
factbook/geos/kz.html.
CIA-World Fact Book (2017). Kyrgyzstan: Energy, Economy. (observed at:
2020/11/1). available at: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-
factbook/geos/kg.html
CIA-World Fact Book (2017). Tajikistan: Energy, Economy. (observed at:
2020/11/1). available at: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-
factbook/geos/
ti.html.
CIA-World Fact Book (2017). Turkmenistan: Energy, Economy. (observed at:
2020/11/1). available at: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-
factbook/geos/tx.html.
CIA-World Fact Book (2017). Uzbekistan: Energy, Economy. (observed at:
2020/11/1). available at: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-
factbook/geos/uz.html.
Duarte, P (2014). Turkey vis-à-vis Central Asia: a Geostrategic Assessment.
Turkish Journal of International Relations, 13(3), 31-40.
Heath, T (2016). China’s Evolving Approach to Economic Diplomacy. Asia Policy.
No. 22, 157-192.
Hoh, Anchi (2018). China's Belt and Road Initiative in Central Asia and the
Middle East. Digest of Middle East Studies, 1-36.
Karami, J & Azizi, H (2014). China s Relations with Central Asia: From Security
Linkages to Regional Security Complex. Central Eurasia Studies, 6 (12):
135-154. (in Persian)
Lee, L & Gill, G (2015). India, Central Asia and the Eurasian Union: a New
Ballgame?. India Quarterly, 71(2), 110-125.
Melnikovova, L (2020). China’s Interests in Central Asian Economies. Human
Affairs, No.30, 239-252.
Ministry of Commerce People’s Republic of China (2020). Statistics of FDI in
China. (observed at: 2020/11/1). available at:
http://english.mofcom.gov.cn/article/statistic/foreigninvestment/
Mousavi Shafaei, M. & Imani, H (2018) Economic Diplomacy: An Approach to
Expand of Irans National Power. Strategic Quarterly, (84), 149-174. (in
Persian)
Na-Xi, et al., (2019). How the Belt and Road Initiative Can Help Strengthen the Role of the SCO and Deepen China’s Cooperation with Russia and the
Countries of Central Asia. India Quarterly, 75(1), 56-68.
Neves, M (2017). Economic Diplomacy, Geo-Economics and The External
Strategy of Portugal. E-Journal of International Relations, 8(1), 88-118.
Okano-Heijmans, M (2011). Conceptualizing Economic Diplomacy: The
Crossroads of International Relations, Economics, IPE and Diplomatic
Studies. The Hague Journal of Diplomacy, No. 6, 7-36.
Oliker, O & David, S (2005). U.S. Interests in Central Asia: Policy Priorities and
Military Roles. The RAND Corporation.
Pantucci, R & Oresman (2018). China’s Strategy in Central Asia. in: China Steps
Out: Beijing’s Major Power Engagement with the Developing World. Edited
By: Joshua Eisenman and Eric Heginbotham. pp. 81-101, New York:
Routledge.
Pantucci, R (2019). China in Central Asia: The First Strand of The Silk Road
Economic Belt. Asian Affairs, 50(2), 202-215.
Papadimitriou, P & Pistikou , V (2014). Economic Diplomacy and Security in
Sovereign States. Procedia Economics and Finance, No. 2, 42-65.
Peyrouse, S (2015). Discussing China: Sinophilia and Sinophobia in Central Asia.
Journal of Eurasian Studies, No.7, 14-23.
Reeves, J (2018). China’s Silk Road Economic Belt Initiative: Network and
Influence Formation in Central Asia. Journal of Contemporary China,
27(112), 502-518.
Roushan et al., (2017). Multilateralism: China Strategy in Central Asia. Strategic
Quarterly, 25 (79), 47-69. (in Persian)
Rumer, E et al., (2016). U.S. Policy Toward Central Asia. Carnegie Endowment
for International Peace.
Salman, M & Geeraerts, G (2015). Strategic Hedging and China's Economic
Policy in the Middle East. China Report, 51(2), 102-20.
Sanjar, T et al., (2019) Study on China’s Investment in Central Asia. International
Journal of Innovation Education and Research, 7(4), 299-314.
Sazmand, B & kolaee, E (2012). Internal and External Context of Theories
Transformation in Regionalism Theories. Theoratical Politics Research,
Winter, 9, 127-146. (in Persian)
Scobell, A et al., (2014). China's Strategy Toward Central Asia and South Asia.
Published by the RAND Corporation. Santa Monica. Calif.
Seabrooke, L (2015). Diplomacy as Economic Consultancy. in: Diplomacy and the
Making of World Politics. Edited By: Ole Jacob Sending, Vincent Pouliot,
and Iver B. Neumann. Cambridge University Press.
Shahandeh, B (2000). China Foreign Policy in Central Asia and Caucaueses.
Defensive Politics, Spring (29-30), 87-97. (in Persian)
Shariatinia, M (2013) China & Central Asia: Change in Geoeconomy. Central Asia
and Caucaueses, Spring (77), 133-150. (in Persian)
Silva, J & Galito, M (2014). China's Approach to Economic Diplomacy and
Human Rights. International Journal of Diplomacy and Economy, 2(1/2), 23-
41.
Skalamera, M (2017). Russia’s Lasting Influence in Central Asia. Survival, 59(6), 123-142.
Statista (2020). Annual Outflow of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) from China
Between 2009 and 2019. (observed at: 2020/11/1). available at:
https://www.statista.com/statistics/858019/china-outward-foreign-direct-
investment-flows/#:~:text=In%202019%2C%20the%20value%20of,
approximately%20117.12%20billion%20U.S.%20dollars.
Statista (2020). Total Chinese Investments Between 2005 And 2019, By Global
Region. (observed at: 2020/11/1). available at:
https://www.statista.com/statistics/
276607/chinese-investments-by-global-region/.
Stronski, P & Ng, N (2018). Cooperation and Competition: Russia and China in
Central Asia, The Russian Far East, and The Arctic. Carnegie Endowment
for International Peace.
Trade Map (2020). Bilateral Trade Between China and Africa. (observed at:
2020/11/1). available at: https://www.trademap.org/Bilateral_TS.aspx?nvpm.
Trade Map (2020). Bilateral Trade Between China and Association of South-East
Asian Nations (ASEAN). (observed at: 2020/11/1). available at:
https://www.trademap.org/Bilateral_TS.aspx?nvpm.
Trade Map (2020). Bilateral Trade Between China and Central Asian Republics.
(observed at: 2020/11/1). available at:
https://www.trademap.org/Bilateral_TS.aspx?nvpm.
Trade Map (2020). Bilateral Trade Between China and Europe. (observed at:
2020/11/1). available at: https://www.trademap.org/Bilateral_TS.aspx?nvpm.
Trade Map (2020). Bilateral Trade Between China and Latin America and the
Caribbean. (observed at: 2020/11/1). available at:
https://www.trademap.org/Bilateral_TS.aspx?nvpm.
Trade Map (2020). Bilateral Trade Between China and North American Free
Trade Agreement (NAFTA). (observed at: 2020/11/1). available at:
https://www.trademap.org/Bilateral_TS.aspx?nvpm.
Trading Economic (2019). Kyrgyzstan Exports By Country. (observed at:
2020/11/1). available at: https://tradingeconomics.com/kyrgyzstan/exports-
by-country.
Trading Economic (2019). Kyrgyzstan Imports By Country. (observed at:
2020/11/1). available at: https://tradingeconomics.com/kyrgyzstan/imports-
by-country.
Trading Economic (2019). Tajikistan Exports By Country. (observed at:
2020/11/1). available at: https://tradingeconomics.com/tajikistan/exports-by-
country.
Trading Economic (2019). Tajikistan Imports By Country. (observed at:
2020/11/1). available at: https://tradingeconomics.com/tajikistan/imports-by-
country.
Wani, A (2020). India and China in Central Asia: Understanding The New Rivalry
in The Heart of Eurasia. ORF Occasional Paper. Observer Research
Foundation.
Woolcock, Stephen (2014). Economic Diplomacy. In: Diplomacy in Globalised
Age. edited by Wiseman & Care, Tehran: Abrar Moaser. (in Persian)
World’s Top Exports (2019). Top 15 Crude Oil Suppliers to China. (observed at:
2020/11/1). available at: http://www.worldstopexports.com/top-15-crude-oil-
suppliers-to-china.
Yao, Y (2015). China’s Approach to Economic Diplomacy. in: America, China,
and the Struggle for World Order. Edited by: G. John Ikenberry, Wang Jisi,
and Zhu Feng, pp. 161-186, Palgrave Macmillan.
2020/11/1). available at: http://www.worldstopexports.com/top-15-crude-oil-
suppliers-to-china.
Yao, Y (2015). China’s Approach to Economic Diplomacy. in: America, China,
and the Struggle for World Order. Edited by: G. John Ikenberry, Wang Jisi,
and Zhu Feng, pp. 161-186, Palgrave Macmillan.
)
ارسال نظر در مورد این مقاله