نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 دانشگاه قم. گروه حقوق بین الملل عمومی
2 دانشگاه قم. گروه حقوق بین الملل
3 گروه حقوق بین الملل دانشگاه قم
چکیده
برپایۀ قوانین معاهدات سرمایه‌گذاری، یکی از الزامات فعالیت اقتصادی در دریا، وجود پیوند میان فعالیت یادشده و مناطق دریایی دولت میزبان است؛ بنابراین، فعالیتی از حمایت معاهدات برخوردار است که در صلاحیت ملی طرف‌های معاهده باشد. براین‌اساس، امکان توسعه حمایت معاهداتی در دریای آزاد با دشواری‌هایی روبه‌رو است. افزون‌براین، نبود قانون مشخصی در این زمینه، فعالیت‌های اقتصادی در آینده را با چالش همراه می‌کند؛ ازاین‌رو، پرسش اصلی پژوهش حاضر این است که «چگونه می‌توان فراتر از مناطق دریایی دولت‌ها، از حمایت موافقت‌نامه‌های سرمایه‌گذاری برخوردار بود؟» جستار حاضر با استفاده از دو روش کمی و کیفی در راستای حل‌و‌فصل چالش موجود، گام برداشته و به نتایجی دست یافته است. نخست، با واکاوی 152 موافقتنامۀ سرمایه‌گذاری دریافتیم که ایران و اتحادیه اروپا برای تعیین محدودۀ قلمرو خود از سه رویکرد صریح، ضمنی، و سکوت استفاده کرده‌اند و دراین‌راستا در «معاهده منشور انرژی (1994)» و «معاهده اتحادیه اروپا و کانادا (2016)» که رویکرد صریحی در مورد سرزمین داشته‌اند، در پاسخ به چالش موجود به «ماهیت فعالیت اقتصادی و سرمایه‌گذاری»، که همانا راه‌حل این چالش است، اشاره شده است. دوم، این اصل، هر نوع ماهیتی را دربر نمی‌گیرد، بلکه تنها دربرگیرندۀ «ماهیت فعالیت اقتصادی و سرمایه‌گذاری با رویکرد جهانی» است که می‌توان اعمال آن را به‌گونه‌ای دقیق‌تر در «سرمایه‌گذاری یا فعالیت اقتصادی بر کابل‌ها و خطوط لوله» مشاهده کرد، زیرا دارای ماهیتی جهانی هستند و در حال حاضر تنها مصداق از فعالیت‌های اقتصادی به‌شمار می‌آیند که به‌لحاظ ماهیتی، قلمرو جغرافیایی سرمایه‌گذاری آن در دریای آزاد نیز امتداد یافته است؛ ازاین‌رو، نوشتار حاضر با استنباط از دعوی «دویچ بانک علیه سریلانکا» و اعمال استدلال‌های آن در مورد فعالیت اقتصادی و سرمایه‌گذاری بر کابل‌ها و خطوط لوله با ماهیتی جهانی، لزوم توسعۀ حمایت معاهداتی به دریای آزاد را اثبات کرده است
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