نوع مقاله : مقالات
نویسندگان
1 اصفهان
2 دانشگاه اصفهان
چکیده
با تغییر ماهیت درگیری‌های بین‌‌المللی در دوران پسا دوقطبی، مأموریت‌‌های حفظ صلح در نقاط بحرانی جهان ازجمله آفریقا افزایش یافته است. بحران سودان را می‌‌توان یکی از بزرگ‌ترین فاجعه‌‌های بشردوستانه در جهان نامید. شورای امنیتِ سازمان ملل در مقام حفظ صلح و امنیت بین‌‌المللی با صدور قطعنامه‌‌های متعدد در کامیابی یا ناکامی این مأموریت‌ها نقشی اساسی ایفا می‌‌کند. مقاله‌ی پیشِ‌‌رو ضمن ارزیابی عملیات‌‌های حفظ صلح در آفریقا در پی پاسخ به این سؤال است که چرا شورای امنیت در عملیات‌‌های صلح بانی در سه منطقه‌ی دارفور، سودان جنوبی و ابیه موفق نبوده است؟ «رعایت‌نکردن مؤلفه‌های تأثیرگذار در عملیات‌‌های صلح بانی عامل شکست شورای امنیت در این مأموریت‌ها بوده است.» مؤلفه‌های مذکور شامل موارد زیر است: رضایت و حسن‌نیت طرفین، عدم جانب‌داری، همکاری بازیگران مهم خارجی، احساس امنیت طرفین درگیر، شفافیت در اختیارت مأموریت، استقرار به‌موقع عملیات حفظ صلح، هماهنگی داخلی و خارجی، فرماندهی شایسته‌ی مأموریت صلح بانی و توجه به دلایل جنگ.
کلیدواژه‌ها
References
Adibe, C. E. (1997). The Liberian Conflict and the ECOWAS-UN Partnership, Third World Quarterly, 18(3), 471-488.
Africa Action Report. (2008). An Overview of Conflict in Sudan and the International Failure to Protect, August 2007 – January 2008, Africa Action Report.
African Rights. (1993). Somalia: Human Rights Abuses by the United Nations Forces, London: African Rights.
Aoi, C.; De Coning, C., & Thaku, R. (2007). Unintended consequences of peacekeeping. Centre for International Political studies, Electronic briefing paper. No 56/2007, University of Pretoria.
Arenas, G. N. (2010). The UNMIS in South Sudan: Challenges & Dilemmas, Institute of Studies on Conflicts and Humanitarian Action, Documento n. 5/2010, Madrid.
Balanzino, S. (2014). Lessons Learned in Peacekeeping Operations, NATO graphics studio.
Bergholm, L. (2010). The African Union, the United Nations and civilian protection challenges in Darfur, Refugee Studies Centre; working paper series, 63, 1-35
Burton, J. W. (1997). Violence Explained: The Sources of Conflict, Violence and Crime and Their Prevention, New York: Manchester University Press ND.
Carvalho, G. D., & Alghali, Z. (2010). The Significant Role of Civilians in Peacekeeping Op erations, conflict trends, 2, 3-10
ÇavusoĞlu, E. O. (2000). Challenges to United Nations Peacekeeping Operations in The Post-Cold War Era, Perceptions Journal of International Affairs, IV(4), 1-8.
Cilliers, J., & Mills, G. (1999). From peacekeeping to managing complex emergencies: peace support missions in Africa, ISS: Natal Witness.
Cilliers, J. (1999). Regional African peacekeeping capacity – mythical construct or essential tool?, In Cilliers, J. & Mills, G (ed) From peacekeeping to managing complex emergencies: peace support missions in Africa. ISS: Natal Witness, 133-152.
De Coning, C. (2004). Towards a common South African peacekeeping system, Center for International Political Studies Electronic Briefing paper no. 16/2004, University of Pretoria.
Dobbins, J. F. (1995). Haiti: A Case Study in Post-Cold War Peacekeeping Remarks at the ISD Conference on Diplomacy and the Use of Force, Institute for The Study of Diplomacy.
Fetherston, A. B. (1994). Putting the Peace back in to Peacekeeping: Theory Must Inform Practice, International Peacekeeping, 1(1), 3-29.
Garb, M. (2014). Evaluating the success of peace operations, Journal of Military Studies,Faculty of Social Sciences, 42(1), 44-63
Ghoniem, A. A. (2003). United Nations Peacekeeping Operations:Improvements for Mission Success, Ethics of Development in a Global Environment.
Gowan, R., & Gleason, M. (2012). UN Peacekeeping: The Next Five Years, Center on international coopration, A Report by the New York University Center on International Cooperation Commissioned by the Permanent Mission of Denmark to the United Nations.
Grawert, E. (2007). Challenges of Regional Peace after the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in Sudan, Center for African Development Policy Research, The 4th International Conference on Ethiopian Development Studies.
Inoue, Y. (1993). United Nation's Peace-keeping Role in the Post-Cold War Era: The Conflict in Bosnia-Herzegovina, Loyola of Los Angeles International and Comparative Law Review, 16, 245-274.
International Studies Review. (2003). Inside and Out: Peacekeeping and the Duration of Peace after Civil and Interstate Wars, International Studies Review, 5(4), 97-114.
Johnstone, I., & Nkiwane, T. (1993). The Organization of African Unity and Conflict Management in Africa, New York: International Peace Academy Report.
Large, D., & Patey, L. (2014). Riding the Sudanese Storm:China, India, Russia, Brazil and the Two Sudans, Global Powers and Africa Programme, Occasional paper.
Latif, D. (1999). United Nations' Changing Role in The Post-Cold War Era, The Turkish Yearbook, Eastern Mediterranean University.
Ngoma, N. (2005). Peace support operations and perpetual human failings: Are we all human, or are some more human than others?, African Security Studies, 14(2), 111-116.
O’Neill, J. T., & Rees, N. (2005). United Nations Peacekeeping in the Post-Cold War Era, London & New York: Routledge Taylor & Francis.
Ottaway, M., & Sadany, M. E. (2012). SUDAN: From Conflict to Conflict, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
Otunnu, O. (1996). The Peace and Security Agenda of the UnitedNations: From Crossroads into the Next Century, Washington: Commission on Global Governance.
Oxfam International. (2012). The Role of UN Peacekeeping Mission in the Protection of Civilians, OXFAM Polisy Compendium Note.
Report of the Independent Inquiry into the Actions of the United Nations during the 1994 Genocide in Rwanda. (1999). United Nations, " Independent Inquiry", UN doc. S/1999/1257, 16 December 1999; and Secretary-General, Report of the Secretary-General Pursuant to General Assembly Resolution 53/35: The Fall of Srebrenica, UN doc. A/54/549
Report of the Panel on United Nations Peace Operations. (2000). Available at: http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/55/305, (Accessed on: 7 September 2015).
Sahnoun, M. (1994). In the Foreword of Joanna Macrae and Anthony Zwi (eds), War and Hunger: Rethinking International Responses to Complex Emergencies, London: Zed Books Ltd.
Sani, B. A. (2010). Logistical Support to Peacekeeping Operations: Challenges and Prospects of Air Support, Thesis, Peace Operations Training Institute.
Security council resolotion N. 1990 (2014). Report of the Secretary General on the Situation is Abyei, United Nation Security Council.
Smith, E. M. (2003). Democratic Accountability and the Use of Force in International Law, London: Cambridge University Press.
Stamnes, E. (2015). The United Nations Mission in the Republic of South Sudan (UNMISS): Protecting Civilians in a Volatile Environment, Norwegian Institute of International Affairs, Policy Brief, 24, 1-4.
Sudd Institute. (2014). south Sudan’s Crisis: Its Drivers, Key Players, and Post-conflict Prospects, Special Report of The Sudd Institute.
Swigert, J. W. (2004). Challenges of peacekeeping in Africa. Statement before the Africa Subcommittee of the House International Relations Committee, Washington: US Department of State.
Thakur, R., & Schnabel, A. (2001).United Nations Peacekeeping Operations: Ad Hoc Missions, Permanent Engagement, New York: UN University Press.
The Brookings Institution. (2014). New Challenges and Priorities for UN Peacekeeping United Nations Under-Secretary-General Herve Ladsous, The Brookings Institution.
Twum-Danso, A. (2003). An overview of child soldiering. Africa’s young soldiers the cooption of childhood, Institute for Security Studies Monograph, 83. 1-55
United Nationd. (2008a).United Nations Peacekeeping: The Challenges Ahead, document of Parliamentary Hearing at The United Nations, New York.
United Nations. (2008b). United Nations Peacekeeping Operations; Principles Guidelines, United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations and Department of Field Support, New York.
United Nations. (2011). Basic Facts about the United Nations, New York: Department of Public Information.
United Nations peacekeeping. (2016). Current peacekepping operations, Available at: http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/operations/current.shtml, (Accessed on: 30, February 2016).
Williams, R. (1996), Practical challenges to South African peace operations, Newyork: Institute of Defence Policy.
Yılmaz, M. E. (2006). Resolving Internal Conflicts in the Post-Cold War Era: Is Peacekeeping Enough?, Journal of Economic and Social Research, 8(2), 27-42.
)
ارسال نظر در مورد این مقاله