نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 دانشیار گروه علوم سیاسی، دانشکده علوم اداری و اقتصاد، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران (نویسنده مسئول).
2 دانشجوی دکتری جامعه شناسی سیاسی دانشگاه یاسوج، ایران، یاسوج.
چکیده
«تروریسم» امروزه چالشی عمده پیشروی جهان و جهانیان قرار داده؛ به نحوی که مبارزه با آن برای نسل حاضر و نظام بین‌المللی؛ امری «طبیعی» جلوهگر شده است که همواره باید با آن در هر سطح و سویهای برخورد کرد، این تفکر البته از سوی محافل فکری و سیاسی «آمریکا» رواج یافته و به‌عنوان «حقیقتی» غیر قابل انکار به همگان القا شده است. آمریکا از تمامی امکانات تئوریک و پراتیک خود از جمله سازوکارهای گفتمانی، اندیشه‌ای، اقتصادی، رسانهای، نظامی و... بهره برده است تا جهانیان را مجاب کند که در مبارزه با تروریسم، دست برتر را دارد و حتی می‌شود در مبارزه با این پدیده، اصول اساسی حقوق بین‌الملل را زیرپا گذاشت. از این رو، با توسل به امکانات در دسترسش توانسته است سلطه و انقیاد و به تعبیر فوکو جامعه‌ای انضباطی را شکل دهد. پژوهش حاضر درپی آن است تا گفتمان «هژمونیک» تروریسم را با توجه به تاریخمندی حوادث با روش تبارشناسی فوکو مورد واکاوی و نقد قرار دهد. با توجه به مراحل تبارشناسی فوکو، نوشتار حاضر به این نتیجه می‌رسد که گفتمان «مبارزه با تروریسم» آن‌گونه که آمریکا مدعی است، چندان خیرخواهانه نبوده است و صلح را هدف نگرفته است بلکه همچنان می‌توان رد پای تأمین منافع آمریکا و هژمونی‌طلبی وی را در این رویکرد مشاهده کرد.گسست‌ها، تحلیل تبار و تحلیل قدرت سیاست خارجی آمریکا در بررسی مبارزه تروریسم نشان می‌دهد که آمریکا برای ساخت ماهیت جدید خویش «دیگری» تروریست را «برسازی» کرده است.
کلیدواژه‌ها
Asgarian, Abbasqoli and others (2016). Discourse analysis of American and Iranian actor's
view on the concept of terrorism, Political Researches of the Islamic World, 5thYear,
Number 2: pp. 145-183. (in Persian)
Bashirieh, Hossein (2002). Obstacles to political development in Iran, Tehran: Gam Nou.
(in Persian)
Baylis, J and Ranger, N.J (1992). Dilemmas of world Politics: international issues in a
Changing world, Oxford, Clarendon Press.
Baylis, John and Steve Smith (2005). The Globalization of World Politics, An introduction
to International Relation, p. 481.
Darabi, Ali and Dawood Tarimi (2020). American presence in Afghanistan after the events
of September 11, Political Strategy Quarterly, 3th year, number 10: pp. 61-19. (in Persian)
Darvishi, Farhad and Azizullah Hatemzadeh (2012). The process of confronting America
and the European Union with terrorism from different perceptions to joint cooperation,
Geopolitics Quarterly, 9th year, Issue2: pp. 137-160. (in Persian)
Dhimran, Mohammad (2000). Michel Foucault, Knowledge, Power, Tehran: Hermes
Publications. (in Persian)
Dordian, James (2004). Terrorist Discourse: Signs, Governments and Systems of Global
Political Violence, translated by Vahid Gargi in: Terrorism: History of Sociology,
Discourse, Law, compiled by Alireza Tayeb, Tehran: Ney. (in Persian)
Dreyfus, Hubert and Paul Rabino (2009). Michel Foucault: Beyond Constructivism and
Hermeneutics, translated by Hossein Bashirieh, Tehran: Ney. (in Persian)
Drolet, M. (2017). A Companion to intellectual history, john Wiley and sons.
Erlenbusch-Anderson, (2018). Genealogies of Terrorism: Revolution, State Violence,
Empire 142.
Foucault, M. (2010). Nietzsche, Genealogy, History. In The Foucault Reader, edited by P.
Rabinow, 76–97. New York: Vintage Books.
Foucault, M. (2020). Essential Works, 1954-1984: Volume Three, Power, edited by J. D.
Faubion. London: Penguin Books.
Foucault, Michel (1972). The Archaeology of Knowledge, Translated by A.Sheridan,
London: Rutledge.
Foucault, Michel (1977). Nietzsche, Genealogy, History. In Language, countermemory,
Practice: Selected essay and interviews, edited by Boucher, inthaca: Cornell University
Press.
Foucault, Michel (2003). History of Madness, translated by Fateme Valiani, Tehran:
Hermes. (in Persian)
Foucault, Michel (2008). Care and Punishment: The Birth of Prison, translated by Niko
Sarkhosh and Afshin Jahandideh, Tehran: Ney. (in Persian)
Foucault, Michel (2008b). Nietzsche, Freud, Marx, translated by Afshin Jahandideh and
others, Tehran: Hermes. (in Persian)
Foucault, Michel (2012). The will to know, translated by Niko Sarkhosh and Afshin Jahandideh, Tehran: Ney. (in Persian)
Ghamami, Seyyed Mohammad Mahdi (2017). Challenges of human rights and citizenship
in the fight against terrorism (a case study of the legal system of the United States of
America and the Islamic Republic of Iran), Security Horizins, Year 9, Number 33: pp. 103-
83. (in Persian)
Gilbert, A. (2011). Steps to an Ecology of Knowledge, Continuity and change in the
Genealogy of knowledge, Cambridge University Press.
Gilpin, Robert (1987). The Political Economy of International Relations, Princeton:
Princeton University press.
Haji Yousfi, Amir Mohammad and Maryam, Joneydi (2019). Kaftman fight against
terrorism and the emergence and empowerment of Takfiri groups with an emphasis on
ISIS, Strategic Policy Research, 7thYear, Number 25: pp. 284-304. (in Persian)
Hinds, Bari (2002). Discourses of Power from Hobbes to Foucault, translated by Mustafa
Younesi, Tehran: Pardis Danesh.
Huntington, S (1999), The Lonely Super Power, Foreign Affairs.
Insafi, Mustafa; Shuja Ahmadvand (2022). Plague and medicalization: transition factors to
the interventionist modern state in the Qajar period, Research Journal of Political Sciences,
16th year, number 2, Issiue 62: pp. 42-7. (in Persian)
Jackson, Richard. (2009). Knowledge, Power and Politics. Critical Terrorism Studies: A
new Research Agenda. Ed. Richard Jackson, Marie Breen Smyth and Jeroen Gunning.
London: Routledge.
Kechuian, Hossein (2003). Foucault and Paleontology of Knowledge (a narrative of the
history of Tensani sciences from Renaissance to postmodernism), Tehran: University of
Tehran. (in Persian)
Kechuian, Hossein and Qasim Zairi (2009). "Ten main methodological steps in the
genealogical analysis of culture based on the opinions of Michel Foucault", Strategy of
Culture, Volume 2, Issue 7: 30-7. (in Persian)
Kissinger, Henry (2009). Diplomacy, translated by Fatemeh Soltani, Tehran: Information
Publications. (in Persian)
Kolayi, Elaha and others (2006). North Atlantic Treaty Organization; Transformation in
missions and functions, Tehran: University of Tehran. (in Persian)
Kouzenzhovi, David (2010). Foucault in the criticism crucible, translated by Payam
Yazdanjo, Tehran: Center. (in Persian)
Ladelle, Whorter (2009). Racism and Sexual Oppression in Anglo-America, Bloomington
and Indianapolis. Indiana University Press.
Leonard, Eric (2007). A Case Study in Declining American Hegemony: Flawed Policy
Concerning ICC, The Whitehead Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations,
Winter/Spring at: http: //www.journalofdiplomacy.org.
Mahmoudi, Mohsen and Sohail Guderzi (2013). US software policy in the Middle East,
comparing George Bush and Barack Obama, foreign policy, year 26, Number 2: pp. 437-
451. (in Persian)
Maskaliunate, Asta (2002). Defining Terrorism in the Political and academic Discourse.
Baltic Defense Review No. 8 Vol. 2.2002.p.2.
Michel Foucault (1972). The Archeology of Knowledge and the Discourse on Language.
New York: Pantheon
Mirmohammad Sadeghi, Hossein (2002). Considerations on Terrorism, Legal Research, Volume 4, No. 33 and 34: pp. 185-208. (in Persian)
Monfared, Seyyed Qasim (2014). American Foreign Policy in the Obama Era, Tehran:
Politics Quarterly. (in Persian)
Moshirzadeh, Hamira (2008). The U.S. Foreign Policy Turn and the Invasion of Iraq:
Domestic Discursive Contexts, Politics Quarterly, Volume 37, Issue 2: pp. 153-190. (in
Persian)
Motaghi, Ebrahim and Hamid Rahnavard (2008). Investigation and analysis of domestic
and foreign terrorist groups before and after September 11, Policy, Volume 38, Number 3:
pp. 217-240. (in Persian)
Nietzsche, F. (1996). On the Genealogy of Morals, edited by D. Smith. Oxford: Oxford
University Press.
Nietzsche, F. (2003). Beyond Good and Evil, edited by R. J. Hollingdale. London: Penguin
Books.
Odysseos, Louiza and Fabio Petito, eds. (2007). The International Political Thought of
Carl Schmitt. London: Routledge.
Ottaway, Marina and Carothers Thomas (2004). Middle East Democracy, Foreign Policy,
November/December.
Pratt, Douglas (2005). the challenge of Islam: encounters in interfaith dialogue, Aldershot,
Hamp: Burlington, Vt: Ashgate Publication.
Qaidi, Mohammad Reza (2004). NATO after September 11, Negah Monthly, No. 41,
December and September.
Qawam, Abdul Ali (2006). International Relations: Theories and Approaches, first edition,
Tehran: Samit.
Salehi Najafabadi, Abbas, Behnam Khosravi and Razia Sanei (2016). Investigating the
reasons for the hegemonic discourse of Iranophobia and Shiaphobia based on the theory of
Laclau and Mouffe, Political Researches of the Islamic World, 5th year, issue2: pp. 185-
205. (in Persian)
Sarap, Maden (2003). An Introductory Guide to Post -structuralism and Postmodernism,
translated by Mohammad Reza Tajik, Tehran: Ney. (in Persian)
Samiee Esfahani, Alireza; saleki, Abdolkarim (2015), Terror, Terrorism and State
Terrorism, Politica and Economic Ettelaat, No 299. (in Persian)
Smart, B (1994). The Governmental of Conduct: Foucault on Rationality, Power and
Subjectivity, in: Barry smart, Michel Foucault. London: Rutledge. Vol.4.
Soleimani, Reza (2007). Semantic confusion of terrorism in scientific and political
discourse, The Scientific Journal of Strategy, No. 41, Volume 14: pp. 261-276. (in Persian)
Soleimanipourlek, Fatemeh (2011). Soft power in America's Middle East strategy, Tehran:
Strategic Studies Research Institute. (in Persian)
Toros, H. (2017). 9/11 Is Alive and Well’ or How Critical Terrorism Studies Has Sustained
the /11 Narrative Critical Studies on Terrorism 10 (2): 203–219.
Townsend, Charles (2002). Terrorism: A very Short Introduction, (Oxford university
press).
Walt, Stephan (1999). the Origin of Alliances, NY: Cornel University Press.
Waltz, Kenneth (1979). Theory of International Politics, New York: Random House.
Zulfiqari, Vahid and Seyyed Fatemeh Kianjad (2019). Terrorism networks in modern
global geopolitics and its management strategies, Politics and International Relations, 2th
year, number 2: pp. 31-52. (in Persian)
view on the concept of terrorism, Political Researches of the Islamic World, 5thYear,
Number 2: pp. 145-183. (in Persian)
Bashirieh, Hossein (2002). Obstacles to political development in Iran, Tehran: Gam Nou.
(in Persian)
Baylis, J and Ranger, N.J (1992). Dilemmas of world Politics: international issues in a
Changing world, Oxford, Clarendon Press.
Baylis, John and Steve Smith (2005). The Globalization of World Politics, An introduction
to International Relation, p. 481.
Darabi, Ali and Dawood Tarimi (2020). American presence in Afghanistan after the events
of September 11, Political Strategy Quarterly, 3th year, number 10: pp. 61-19. (in Persian)
Darvishi, Farhad and Azizullah Hatemzadeh (2012). The process of confronting America
and the European Union with terrorism from different perceptions to joint cooperation,
Geopolitics Quarterly, 9th year, Issue2: pp. 137-160. (in Persian)
Dhimran, Mohammad (2000). Michel Foucault, Knowledge, Power, Tehran: Hermes
Publications. (in Persian)
Dordian, James (2004). Terrorist Discourse: Signs, Governments and Systems of Global
Political Violence, translated by Vahid Gargi in: Terrorism: History of Sociology,
Discourse, Law, compiled by Alireza Tayeb, Tehran: Ney. (in Persian)
Dreyfus, Hubert and Paul Rabino (2009). Michel Foucault: Beyond Constructivism and
Hermeneutics, translated by Hossein Bashirieh, Tehran: Ney. (in Persian)
Drolet, M. (2017). A Companion to intellectual history, john Wiley and sons.
Erlenbusch-Anderson, (2018). Genealogies of Terrorism: Revolution, State Violence,
Empire 142.
Foucault, M. (2010). Nietzsche, Genealogy, History. In The Foucault Reader, edited by P.
Rabinow, 76–97. New York: Vintage Books.
Foucault, M. (2020). Essential Works, 1954-1984: Volume Three, Power, edited by J. D.
Faubion. London: Penguin Books.
Foucault, Michel (1972). The Archaeology of Knowledge, Translated by A.Sheridan,
London: Rutledge.
Foucault, Michel (1977). Nietzsche, Genealogy, History. In Language, countermemory,
Practice: Selected essay and interviews, edited by Boucher, inthaca: Cornell University
Press.
Foucault, Michel (2003). History of Madness, translated by Fateme Valiani, Tehran:
Hermes. (in Persian)
Foucault, Michel (2008). Care and Punishment: The Birth of Prison, translated by Niko
Sarkhosh and Afshin Jahandideh, Tehran: Ney. (in Persian)
Foucault, Michel (2008b). Nietzsche, Freud, Marx, translated by Afshin Jahandideh and
others, Tehran: Hermes. (in Persian)
Foucault, Michel (2012). The will to know, translated by Niko Sarkhosh and Afshin Jahandideh, Tehran: Ney. (in Persian)
Ghamami, Seyyed Mohammad Mahdi (2017). Challenges of human rights and citizenship
in the fight against terrorism (a case study of the legal system of the United States of
America and the Islamic Republic of Iran), Security Horizins, Year 9, Number 33: pp. 103-
83. (in Persian)
Gilbert, A. (2011). Steps to an Ecology of Knowledge, Continuity and change in the
Genealogy of knowledge, Cambridge University Press.
Gilpin, Robert (1987). The Political Economy of International Relations, Princeton:
Princeton University press.
Haji Yousfi, Amir Mohammad and Maryam, Joneydi (2019). Kaftman fight against
terrorism and the emergence and empowerment of Takfiri groups with an emphasis on
ISIS, Strategic Policy Research, 7thYear, Number 25: pp. 284-304. (in Persian)
Hinds, Bari (2002). Discourses of Power from Hobbes to Foucault, translated by Mustafa
Younesi, Tehran: Pardis Danesh.
Huntington, S (1999), The Lonely Super Power, Foreign Affairs.
Insafi, Mustafa; Shuja Ahmadvand (2022). Plague and medicalization: transition factors to
the interventionist modern state in the Qajar period, Research Journal of Political Sciences,
16th year, number 2, Issiue 62: pp. 42-7. (in Persian)
Jackson, Richard. (2009). Knowledge, Power and Politics. Critical Terrorism Studies: A
new Research Agenda. Ed. Richard Jackson, Marie Breen Smyth and Jeroen Gunning.
London: Routledge.
Kechuian, Hossein (2003). Foucault and Paleontology of Knowledge (a narrative of the
history of Tensani sciences from Renaissance to postmodernism), Tehran: University of
Tehran. (in Persian)
Kechuian, Hossein and Qasim Zairi (2009). "Ten main methodological steps in the
genealogical analysis of culture based on the opinions of Michel Foucault", Strategy of
Culture, Volume 2, Issue 7: 30-7. (in Persian)
Kissinger, Henry (2009). Diplomacy, translated by Fatemeh Soltani, Tehran: Information
Publications. (in Persian)
Kolayi, Elaha and others (2006). North Atlantic Treaty Organization; Transformation in
missions and functions, Tehran: University of Tehran. (in Persian)
Kouzenzhovi, David (2010). Foucault in the criticism crucible, translated by Payam
Yazdanjo, Tehran: Center. (in Persian)
Ladelle, Whorter (2009). Racism and Sexual Oppression in Anglo-America, Bloomington
and Indianapolis. Indiana University Press.
Leonard, Eric (2007). A Case Study in Declining American Hegemony: Flawed Policy
Concerning ICC, The Whitehead Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations,
Winter/Spring at: http: //www.journalofdiplomacy.org.
Mahmoudi, Mohsen and Sohail Guderzi (2013). US software policy in the Middle East,
comparing George Bush and Barack Obama, foreign policy, year 26, Number 2: pp. 437-
451. (in Persian)
Maskaliunate, Asta (2002). Defining Terrorism in the Political and academic Discourse.
Baltic Defense Review No. 8 Vol. 2.2002.p.2.
Michel Foucault (1972). The Archeology of Knowledge and the Discourse on Language.
New York: Pantheon
Mirmohammad Sadeghi, Hossein (2002). Considerations on Terrorism, Legal Research, Volume 4, No. 33 and 34: pp. 185-208. (in Persian)
Monfared, Seyyed Qasim (2014). American Foreign Policy in the Obama Era, Tehran:
Politics Quarterly. (in Persian)
Moshirzadeh, Hamira (2008). The U.S. Foreign Policy Turn and the Invasion of Iraq:
Domestic Discursive Contexts, Politics Quarterly, Volume 37, Issue 2: pp. 153-190. (in
Persian)
Motaghi, Ebrahim and Hamid Rahnavard (2008). Investigation and analysis of domestic
and foreign terrorist groups before and after September 11, Policy, Volume 38, Number 3:
pp. 217-240. (in Persian)
Nietzsche, F. (1996). On the Genealogy of Morals, edited by D. Smith. Oxford: Oxford
University Press.
Nietzsche, F. (2003). Beyond Good and Evil, edited by R. J. Hollingdale. London: Penguin
Books.
Odysseos, Louiza and Fabio Petito, eds. (2007). The International Political Thought of
Carl Schmitt. London: Routledge.
Ottaway, Marina and Carothers Thomas (2004). Middle East Democracy, Foreign Policy,
November/December.
Pratt, Douglas (2005). the challenge of Islam: encounters in interfaith dialogue, Aldershot,
Hamp: Burlington, Vt: Ashgate Publication.
Qaidi, Mohammad Reza (2004). NATO after September 11, Negah Monthly, No. 41,
December and September.
Qawam, Abdul Ali (2006). International Relations: Theories and Approaches, first edition,
Tehran: Samit.
Salehi Najafabadi, Abbas, Behnam Khosravi and Razia Sanei (2016). Investigating the
reasons for the hegemonic discourse of Iranophobia and Shiaphobia based on the theory of
Laclau and Mouffe, Political Researches of the Islamic World, 5th year, issue2: pp. 185-
205. (in Persian)
Sarap, Maden (2003). An Introductory Guide to Post -structuralism and Postmodernism,
translated by Mohammad Reza Tajik, Tehran: Ney. (in Persian)
Samiee Esfahani, Alireza; saleki, Abdolkarim (2015), Terror, Terrorism and State
Terrorism, Politica and Economic Ettelaat, No 299. (in Persian)
Smart, B (1994). The Governmental of Conduct: Foucault on Rationality, Power and
Subjectivity, in: Barry smart, Michel Foucault. London: Rutledge. Vol.4.
Soleimani, Reza (2007). Semantic confusion of terrorism in scientific and political
discourse, The Scientific Journal of Strategy, No. 41, Volume 14: pp. 261-276. (in Persian)
Soleimanipourlek, Fatemeh (2011). Soft power in America's Middle East strategy, Tehran:
Strategic Studies Research Institute. (in Persian)
Toros, H. (2017). 9/11 Is Alive and Well’ or How Critical Terrorism Studies Has Sustained
the /11 Narrative Critical Studies on Terrorism 10 (2): 203–219.
Townsend, Charles (2002). Terrorism: A very Short Introduction, (Oxford university
press).
Walt, Stephan (1999). the Origin of Alliances, NY: Cornel University Press.
Waltz, Kenneth (1979). Theory of International Politics, New York: Random House.
Zulfiqari, Vahid and Seyyed Fatemeh Kianjad (2019). Terrorism networks in modern
global geopolitics and its management strategies, Politics and International Relations, 2th
year, number 2: pp. 31-52. (in Persian)
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