نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسنده
استادیار روابط بین‌الملل،٬ دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی ،دانشگاه تهران،تهران،ایران
چکیده
در دو دهه اخیر، بحران هسته‌ای ایران در مرکز توجه اندیشمندان روابط بین الملل قرار گرفته است. با وجود چاپ کتاب های گوناگون درباره ریشه ها، پویایی و تاثیرات آن بر امنیت بین الملل و سیاست خاورمیانه، برخی زوایای بحران هسته‌ای ، به ویژه نقش رسانه در چارچوب‌بندی‌کردن آن، نادیده انگاشته شده است. از این رو، نوشته پیش رو تلاشی برای تحلیل و تبیین نقش رسانه در چارچوب‌بندی‌کردن بحران هسته‌ای ایران است. نوشته پیش رو تلاشی است در بررسی نقش رسانه های اصلی امریکا، سی‌ان‌ان و فاکس‌نیوز ، در چارچوب‌بندی‌کردن برنامه هسته‌ای ایران. «سی‌ان‌ان و فاکس‌نیوز چگونه و با چه سازوکاری برنامه هسته‌ای ایران را چارچوب‌بندی کرده‌اند؟» این پرسشِ محوری نوشته پیش روست که خوانشی تحلیلی از نقش رسانه‌ها در چارچوب‌بندی بحران هسته‌ای ایران را نمایان میسازد. فرضیه پژوهش این امر است که چارچوب‌های رسانه ای تولیدی توسط این دو رسانه امریکایی هم برسازنده و هم تشدید‌کننده گفتمان ایران‌هراسی هستند. نوشته با کاربرد روش ردیابی فرایند و تکیه بر تحلیل محتوای کیفی٬ خوانشی تاریخی از بحران هسته‌ای ایران از دریچه رسانه های غربی را روایت کرده و نشان می دهد که نوشته با تحلیل رخدادهای کلیدی به عنوان " بافتار و زمینه" به نقش فاکس نیوز و سی‌ان‌ان با کارکرد خود به عنوان "فزون ساز" و تولید تیتر و تحلیل‌ّهای جهت‌ساز به عنوان "متن" از برنامه هسته‌ای ایران به عنوان "هدف" کوشیده تا مردم امریکا به عنوان "شنوندگان" را متقاعد سازد.
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Fox News. Available at: http://www.foxnews.com/opinion/2015/07/14/iran-
nuclear-deal-much-worse-than-experts-predicted.html.
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Press.
Gamson, W. A. (1992). The Social Psychology of Collective Action. In Frontiers
in Social Movement Theory (53-76). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Graber, D.A. (6th ed). (2002). Mass Media and American Politics. Washington,
DC: CQ Press.
Haggi, R. (2009). Iranophobia: The Logic of an Israeli Obsession. San
Francisco, CA: Stanford University Press.
Holsti, O.R. (2004). Public Opinion and American Foreign Policy. Ann Arbor:
University of Michigan Press.
Kuypers, J.A. (1997). Presidential Crisis Rhetoric and the Press in the Post-
Cold War World. Westport, CT: Praeger.
Iyengar, S. (1991). Is Anyone Responsible?: How Television Frames Political
Issues. Chicago. IL: University of Chicago Press.
Jentleson, B.W. (1992). The Pretty Prudent Public: Post Post-Vietnam American
Opinion on the Use of Military Force. Int. Stud. Q. 36(1), 49–74.
Marshall, J. (2003). Falsely Bleak Reports Reduce our Chance for Success in
Iraq. Atlanta Journal Constitution, Sep. 22, p. 11A.
McCombs, M. (2004). Setting the Agenda: The Mass Media and Public
Opinion. New York, NY: Polity.
McCombs. M. E. (1972). The Agenda Setting Approach, Function of the
Media. In: Public Opinion Quarterly, Vol. 36. N0. 2. Summer 1972.
McQuail, Mass Communication Theory an Introduction. London: Thousand
Oaks, New Delhi SAGE. 1994.
Mintz, A. & Redd, S. B. (2003). Framing Effects in International Relations.
Synthese, 135(2), 193-213.
Moeller, S.D. (2004). Media Coverage of Weapons of Mass Destruction.
CISSM Report, March 9. (Iraq).
Mullen, J. & Robertson, N. (2015, July 14). Landmark Deal Reached on
Iran Nuclear program. CNN. Available at: http://www.cnn.com/2015/07/14/politics/iran-nuclear-deal/index.html.
Naveh, C. (2002). The Role of the Media in Foreign Policy Decision-Making:
A Theoretical Framework. Conflict & Communication Online, 1(2). Available
at: http://www.cco.regener-online.de/2002_2/pdf_2002_2/naveh.pdf.
Nacos B.L. & Shapiro, R.Y. & Isernia, P. (2000). Decisionmaking in a Glass
House. New York, NY: Rowman & Littlefield.
National Intelligence Estimate: Iran-Nuclear Intentions and Capabilities,
Published November 2007 Available at: https://www.dni.gov/press_
releases/20071203_release.pdf.
Nir, R. & Roeh, I. (1993). The Rhetoric of Speech Presentation in the Israeli
Press. Hebrew Studies, 34: 53-78.
Paletz, D.L. (2002). The Media in American Politics. New York, NY: Longman.
Scheufele, D. A. (1999). Framing as a Theory of Media Effects. Communication,
49(1), 103-122.
Rumsfeld, D. (2005). Interview with Jerry Agar, KMBZ News Radio 980.
Transcript, available at http://www.defenselink.mil/transcripts/transcript.
aspx?transcriptid=3246.
Snow, D.S. & Benford, R. D. (1988). Ideology, Frame Resonance and Participant
Mobilization. International Social Movement Research, 1, 197-217.
Seidman, R. (February 2015). List of how Many Homes Each Cable Network
is in as of February. TV by the Numbers. Zap2it.
Sciutto, J. & Carter, CJ. (2013, November 24). Obama: Iran nuclear deal limits ability
to create nuclear weapons. CNN. Available at: http://www.cnn.com/2013/11/
23/world/meast/iran-nuclear-talks-geneva/index.html.
Wolfsfeld, G. (1997). Promoting Peace through the News Media: Some Initial
Lessons from the Oslo Peace Process. The International Journal of Press/
Politics, 2(4), 52-70.
Zaller J, Chiu D. (2000). Government’s Little Helper: U.S. press Coverage
of Foreign Policy Crises, 1946–1999. In B.L. Nacos & R.Y. Shapiro (Eds),
Decisionmaking in a Glass House, (pp. 61–84). New York, NY: Rowman &
Littlefield.
Zarif, J. (2006). Some Facts and Materials on Peaceful Nuclear Program of the
Islamic Republic of Iran. Wayback. Retrieved from
https://wayback.archive.org/web/20070202222316/http://www.un.int/iran/
facts_about_peaceful_nuclear_program.pdf
)
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