نوع مقاله : مقالات

نویسندگان

1 علامه طباطبائی

2 دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی (ره)

چکیده

مواجهه با پرونده هسته‌ای ایران یکی از محورهای اصلی سیاست خارجی ایالات‌متحده آمریکا در دوران ریاست جمهوری جرج بوش و باراک اوباما بوده است. با عنایت به این موضوع، پژوهش پیش‌رو نیز درصدد مقایسة رویکرد آن‌ها بوده و هدف اصلی نوشتار پاسخ به این پرسش‌هاست که رویکرد بوش و اوباما نسبت به پروندة هسته‌ای ایران چه تفاوت‌هایی با هم داشت و برمبنای کدام رهیافت‌های روابط بین‌الملل قابل توصیف و تحلیل است؟ بر‌مبنای داده‌های تحقیق، عملکرد جرج بوش و کابینة او که به‌شدت متأثر از آموزه‌های نو محافظه‌کاری بود، در چارچوب رهیافت رئالیسم تهاجمی قابل تحلیل است. زیرا آن‌ها با تأکید بر استثناگرایی آمریکا، تهدید مداوم مبنی بر حمله به تأسیسات هسته‌ای ایران و همکاری نکردن با دیگر کنشگران درگیر در این ماجرا، عملکردی عمدتاً یکجانبه‌گرایانه را در قبال پرونده هسته‌ای ایران در پیش گرفته بودند. از سوی دیگر، باراک اوباما با بهره‌گیری از مؤلفه‌های نهادگرایی نئولیبرال، خواستار همکاری، تعامل، ایفای نقش دیپلماسی، بهره‌گیری از قدرت نرم و ظرفیت سازمان‌های بین‌المللی در سیاست خارجی بود. بنابراین او توانست با اتخاذ سیاست چندجانبه‌گرایی آمریکا محور، اجماع قدرت‌های بزرگ و نهادهای تأثیرگذار سیاسی و اقتصادی را در مقابله با ایران کسب کرده و گروه 1+5 و ایران بعد از مذاکراتی طولانی به توافق رسیدند. 

کلیدواژه‌ها

References
A glance at the U. N. Security Council’s resolutions against Iran, (11/16/2014). Iranian Diplomacy. Available at: http://www.irdiplomacy.ir/fa/page/1940867. (in Persian)
Abdollah khani, A. (2003). The security theories, Tehran: Research institute and international studies of Abrar Moaser Tehran. (in Persian)
Abdolmaleki, R. (2015). Review of the America policy against Iran during the tenure of George W. Bush, Tabyin Center for Strategic Studies, Available at: http://www.tabyincenter.ir/12075 (in Persian)
Ahamdian, G., & Ahmadi, S. (2012). The conflict over Iran’s nuclear case; neoliberalism vs. neorealism, Journal of Political & Economic Ettela'at, 289, 14-31. (in Persian)
Baker, P. (09/27/2013). U.S. and Iran agree to speed talks to defuse nuclear issue, The New York Times.
Barbash, F., & Lynch, C. (04/12/2006). Rice urges U.N. to take strong steps on Iran, Washingtonpost. Retrieved from: http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/04/12/AR2006041200966.html
Bolton, J. R. (12/02/2003). Nuclear weapons and rogue states: challenge and response, Remarks to the conference of the institute for foreign policy analysis and the fletcher school’s international security studies program, Washington D.C.
Bordbar, A., & Khajeh Sarvi, G. (2015). Britain’s role in creation of Iran’s nuclear challenges based on the theory of collective security, Quarterly of Strategic Studies Basij, 12(66), 97-124. (in Persian)
Dehghani Firouzabadi, S. J. (1998). Neoliberalism theory and international collaborations, Journal of Foreign Policy, 12(3), 567-588. (in Persian)
Eftekhar Jahromi, G., & Hajiani, A. (2016). Nuclear diplomacy of Iran with an emphasis on the making security council monitorable, Quarterly Journal of World Politics, 5(3), 161-183. (in Persian)
Ghanbarlou, A. (2009). The U.S.A and the Iranian controversial nuclear issue, Quarterly of Strategic Studies, 11(42), 827-852. (in Persian)
Gharibabadi, K. (2004). An introduction to the treaty on the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons and the additional protocol, Tehran: Research institute and international Studies of Abrar Moaser Tehran. (in Persian)
Ghasemi, R. (2006). An analysis of the national security discourse of The Islamic Republic of Iran (1989-2006) from the perspective of Copenhagen School, M. A. Thesis, School for international relations of the ministry of foreign affairs. (in Persian)
Golshan Pajoh, M. (2005). Iran’s nuclear case (2): trends and views, Tehran: Research institute and international studies of Abrar Moaser Tehran. (in Persian)
Iran nuclear crisis: what are the sanctions?, (03/30/2015). B.B.C., Retrieved from: http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-15983302
Karimi, G. (2015). Obama neo-idealist policy and its impact on the U.N functional crisis, Quarterly of International Relations Research, 4(12), 35-57. (in Persian)
Keohane, R. O., & Martin, L. L. (1995). The promise of institutional theory, International Security , 20(1), 39-51.
Keohane, R. O., & Nye, J. S. (2001). Power and interdependence, (4th Edition). New York: Longman.
Keohane, R. O. (1984). After hegemony: cooperation and discord in the world political economy, New Jersey: Princeton university press.
Keohane, R. O. (1986). Neorealism and its critics, New York: Columbia university press.
Limbert, J. (2015). The Obama Administration, United States institute of peace; The Iran Primer. Rrtrieved from: http://iranprimer.usip.org/resource/obama-administration.
Litwak, R. S. (2014). Iran's nuclear chess: calculating America's moves, Washington: Wilson center.
Lynch, T. J. (2014). Obama, liberalism, and U.S foreign policy, Retrieved from: https://www.academia.edu/12569069.
Mastanduno, M. )1991(. Do relative gains matter? America’s response to Japanese industrial policy, International Security , 16(1), 73-113.
McMahon, R. (2008). Negotiating with hostile states, Council on foreign Relations, Backgrounded June 2.
Mearsheime, J. J. (n.d). Offensive realism in brief. Rrtrieved from: https://genius.com/John-mearsheimer-offensive-realism-in-brief-annotated
Mearsheimer, J. J. (2001). The tragedy of great power politics, New York: W. W. Norton.
Mosallanejad, A. (2015). The impact of sanction policy on Iran nuclear negotiations, Quarterly of Geopolitic, 11(3), 1-34. (in Persian)
Mousavian, S. H. (2008). Additional protocol and strategy of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Tehran: Center for Strategic research of the expediency council. (in Persian)
Obama, B. )06/04/2009(. Obama’s speech in Cairo, The New York Times.
Rice, C. (2000). Campaign 2000: promoting the national interest, Foreign Affairs, 79(1), 45-62.
Ritter, S.( 2006). Target Iran: the truth about the U.S government’s plans for regime change, Londan: Politico's publishing ltd.
Sanger, D. E., & Shanker, T. (04/06/2010). Obama’s nuclear strategy intended as a message, The New York Times.
Simpson, K. (2009). The Bush doctorine and Iran’s nuclear program, National Centre of Excellence for Islamic Studies, Asia Institute University of Melbourne.
Statement by the president on first step agreement on Iran's nuclear program. (11/23/2013). The White House; office of the press secretary. Available at: https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2013/11/23/statement- president-first-step-agreement-irans-nuclear-program
Steinsson, S. (03/06/2014(, John Mearsheimer’s theory of offensive realism and the rise of China, E-International Relations Students.
The calendar of nuclear diplomacy during Iran’s 11th administration, (01/17/2016). Islamic Republic News Agency-IRNA, Available at: http://www.irna.ir/fa/News/81923643. (in Persian)
Webster, P. (06/18/2003). Bush warns Iran on nuclear weapons, The Guardian. Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/jun/19/iran.france.
Whyte, A. (06/11/2012). Neorealism and neoliberal institutionalism: born of the same approach?, E-International Relations Students. Retrieved from: http://www.e-ir.info/2012/06/11/neorealism-and-neoliberal-institutionalism-born-of-the-same-approach/.
Wilner, M. (05/28/2014). Obama outlines doctrine of multilateralism in foreign policy speech, The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved from: http://www.jpost.com/ International/Obama-outlines-doctrine-of-multilateralism-in-foreign-policy-speech-354647.
CAPTCHA Image