نوع مقاله : مقالات
نویسندگان
دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد
چکیده
یکی از جنایات بین المللی قابل رسیدگی در دادگاه بین المللی کیفری، جنایات جنگی است. جنایات جنگی در دو بستر منازعات بین المللی و منازعات داخلی رخ می دهند، اما علی رغم تشابه در ماهیت شاهد آن هستیم که برخی جنایات جنگی صرفا در منازعات بین المللی جرم انگاری شده و ارتکاب آنها در منازعات داخلی جنایت جنگی محسوب نمی-شود. در این مقاله با بررسی اسناد بین المللی از جمله اساسنامه رم، لیست این جرایم احصا و تبیین شده است. برخی از جنایات جنگی صرفا بین المللی عبارتند از: اجبار به خدمت به دشمن، تبعید یا انتقال یا حبس غیرقانونی، حمله به غیرنظامیان، ایراد صدمه به محیط زیست، حمله به مناطق بی دفاع، کشتن فرد ناتوان، استفاده نادرست از نشان ها، اعلان لغو حقوق اتباع طرف مخاصمه، سپر انسانی کردن غیر نظامیان، گرسنگی دادن و استفاده از برخی سلاح های نامتعارف. در قسمت بعدی مقاله نیز مبانی تمایز میان جنایات جنگی در منازعات بین المللی و داخلی مورد بحث قرار گرفته است. از مهم ترین علت های این تمایز، تاثیر پذیری اساسنامه رم ازکنوانسیون های چهارگانه 1949 ژنو و پروتکل-های الحاقی آن از یک سو و نگاه سیاسی و حاکمیتی دول برای محدود کردن صلاحیت دیوان بوده است.
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