نوع مقاله : مقالات
نویسنده
استادیار علوم سیاسی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد
چکیده
پیوند اقتصاد و منازعۀ بین المللی یکی از محورهای مهم اقتصاد سیاسی بین الملل است. هدف این مقاله، بررسی تأثیر عنصر اقتصاد در مدیریت منازعۀ هند و پاکستان با استفاده از رویکردهای اقتصاد سیاسی بین-الملل است. بنابراین، مقاله حاضر در پنج قسمت سامان می یابد. پس از بیان مسأله، تلاش می گردد تا چارچوب نظری مختصر و منسجمی فراهم شود که به طور خلاصه بر نسبت عناصر اقتصادی و منازعه متمرکز باشد. حاصل این قسمت هویدا شدن دو متغیر کلان همکاری دوجانبه و اقتصادمحوری است که ذیل هر یک چند شاخص مهم مطرح می گردد. سپس، همکاری دوجانبه هند و پاکستان در دو شاخص تجارت و سرمایه گذاری متقابل بررسی و نسبت آن ها با منازعه این دو کشور سنجیده می شود. آنگاه، با استفاده از آمارهای موجود نشان داده خواهد شد که چگونه اولویت یافتن اقتصاد برای هند و پاکستان، آن ها را از منازعات دوجانبه دور کرده و به رفتار احتیاط آمیز سوق داده است. سرانجام، نتیجه گیری مختصری از مطالب ارائه می گردد.
کلیدواژه‌ها
Ahmed, S. & Ghani E. (2007). South Asia’s growth and regional integration: An
overview. In Ahmed, S. & Ghani E. (eds.), South Asia growth and regional
integration (pp.1-43). New Delhi: Macmillan India LTD.
Ahmed, S. & Ghani E. (2010). Regional cooperation work for South Asia’s poor,
in Ahmed, S., Kelegama, S. & Ghani, E. (eds.), Promoting economic
cooperation in South Asia: beyond SAFTA (pp. 30-69). New Delhi: SAGE
Publications India Pvt Ltd.
Alam, H. M. et al. (2011). Trade barriers and facilitations among SAARC
economies. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2(10), 119-
127
Alam, M. S. (2010). Intra regional foreign direct investment (FDI) prospect in
South Asian Association of Regional Cooperation (SAARC) region.
International Journal of Economics and Finance, 2(3), 114-121
Amin, Kh. (2010). Regional cooperation in South Asia: Pakistan perspective. In,
Ahmed, S., Kelegama, S., & Ghani, E. (eds.) Promoting economic cooperation
in South Asia: Beyond SAFTA (pp. 321-348).
Bandara, J. S. (2004). What do quantitative evaluations tell us about regionalism in
South Asia? A survey. Asian Studies Review, 28(1), 57-73.
Barbieri, K. (1996). Economic interdependence: A path to peace or a source of
interstate conflict?. Journal of Peace Research, 33(1), 29-49.
Barbieri, K. & Levy, J. S. (1999). Sleeping with the enemy: The impact of war on
trade. Journal of Peace Research, 36(2), 463-79.
Böhmelt, T. (2010). The impact of trade on international mediation. Journal of
Conflict Resolution, 54(4), 566 –592.
Brown, O., Qobo, M. & Ruiz-Dana, A. (2009). Conclusion: The role of regional
trade integration in conflict prevention. In, Khan, Sh. R. (ed.), Regional trade
integration and conflict resolution (pp. 209-227). London and New York:
Rutledge.
Butler, M. J. (2009). International conflict management. New York, NY:
Routledge.
Cheema, P. I. (2006). The contribution of track II towards India-Pakistan relations.
South Asian Survey, 13(1), 211-233.
Chengappa, B. M. (1999). India-Pakistan trade relations. Strategic Analysis, 23(3),
443-57
overview. In Ahmed, S. & Ghani E. (eds.), South Asia growth and regional
integration (pp.1-43). New Delhi: Macmillan India LTD.
Ahmed, S. & Ghani E. (2010). Regional cooperation work for South Asia’s poor,
in Ahmed, S., Kelegama, S. & Ghani, E. (eds.), Promoting economic
cooperation in South Asia: beyond SAFTA (pp. 30-69). New Delhi: SAGE
Publications India Pvt Ltd.
Alam, H. M. et al. (2011). Trade barriers and facilitations among SAARC
economies. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2(10), 119-
127
Alam, M. S. (2010). Intra regional foreign direct investment (FDI) prospect in
South Asian Association of Regional Cooperation (SAARC) region.
International Journal of Economics and Finance, 2(3), 114-121
Amin, Kh. (2010). Regional cooperation in South Asia: Pakistan perspective. In,
Ahmed, S., Kelegama, S., & Ghani, E. (eds.) Promoting economic cooperation
in South Asia: Beyond SAFTA (pp. 321-348).
Bandara, J. S. (2004). What do quantitative evaluations tell us about regionalism in
South Asia? A survey. Asian Studies Review, 28(1), 57-73.
Barbieri, K. (1996). Economic interdependence: A path to peace or a source of
interstate conflict?. Journal of Peace Research, 33(1), 29-49.
Barbieri, K. & Levy, J. S. (1999). Sleeping with the enemy: The impact of war on
trade. Journal of Peace Research, 36(2), 463-79.
Böhmelt, T. (2010). The impact of trade on international mediation. Journal of
Conflict Resolution, 54(4), 566 –592.
Brown, O., Qobo, M. & Ruiz-Dana, A. (2009). Conclusion: The role of regional
trade integration in conflict prevention. In, Khan, Sh. R. (ed.), Regional trade
integration and conflict resolution (pp. 209-227). London and New York:
Rutledge.
Butler, M. J. (2009). International conflict management. New York, NY:
Routledge.
Cheema, P. I. (2006). The contribution of track II towards India-Pakistan relations.
South Asian Survey, 13(1), 211-233.
Chengappa, B. M. (1999). India-Pakistan trade relations. Strategic Analysis, 23(3),
443-57
Cooper, A. F., Hughes, Ch. W., & De Lombaerde, Ph. (2008). Introduction:
regionalisation and the taming of globalisation?. In Cooper, A. F., Christopher
W. H. & De Lombaerde, Ph. (eds.), Regionalisation and global governance:
The taming of globalisation? (pp.1-15). London and New York: Routledge.
Crescenzi, M. J. C. (2003). Economic exit, interdependence, and conflict. The
Journal of Politics, 65(3), 809-832.
Crescenzi, M. J. C. (2005). Economic interdependence and conflict in world
politics. New York, Toronto and Oxford: Lexington Box.
Dash, K. C. (1996). The political economy of regional cooperation in South Asia,
Pacific Affairs, 69(2), 185-209.
Dash, K. C. (2001). The challenge of regionalism in South Asia, International
Politics, 38, 201-228
Dorussen, H. (2006). Heterogeneous trade interests and conflict: What you trade
matters. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 50(1), 87-107.
Dutz, M. A. (2010). Harmonizing regulatory mechanisms: Options for deepening
investment integration in South Asia. In,Ahmed, S., Kelegama, S., & Ghani, E.
(eds.), Promoting economic cooperation in South Asia: Beyond SAFTA (pp.
195-209)New Delhi: SAGE Publications India Pvt Ltd.
Ethier, W. J. (1998). The new regionalism. The Economic Journal, 108(449), 1149-
1161.
Faizal, Y. (2004). Pakistan, SAARC and ASEAN relations. Contemporary
Southeast Asia, 26(2), 346-75
Gartzke, E., Q. Li & Ch. Boehmer (2001). Investing in the peace: Economic
interdependence and international conflict. International Organization, 55(2),
391-438.
Gasiorowski, M. J. (1986). Economic interdependence and international conflict:
Some cross-national evidence. International Studies Quarterly, 30(1), 23-38.
Graham, K. (2008). Regionalisation and responses to armed conflict, with special
focus on conflict prevention and peacekeeping. In Cooper, A. F., Hughes C. W.,
& De Lombaerde Ph. (eds.), Regionalisation and global governance: The
taming of globalisation? (159-187).
Haar, E. (2010). The liberal divide over trade, peace and war. International
Relations, 24(2), 132–154.
Haas, E. B. (1970). The study of regional integration: Reflections on the joy and
anguish of pretheorizing. International Organization, 24(4), 607-646.
Haas, E. B. (1976). Turbulent fields and the theory of regional integration.
International Organization, 30(2), 173-212
Harshe, R. (2005). India-Pakistan conflict over Kashmir: Peace through
development cooperation. South Asian Survey, 12, 47-60.
Hetne, B. & Soderbaum F. (2008). The future of regionalism: old divides, new
frontiers. In Cooper, A. F., Hughes C. W., & De Lombaerde Ph. (eds.)
regionalisation and the taming of globalisation?. In Cooper, A. F., Christopher
W. H. & De Lombaerde, Ph. (eds.), Regionalisation and global governance:
The taming of globalisation? (pp.1-15). London and New York: Routledge.
Crescenzi, M. J. C. (2003). Economic exit, interdependence, and conflict. The
Journal of Politics, 65(3), 809-832.
Crescenzi, M. J. C. (2005). Economic interdependence and conflict in world
politics. New York, Toronto and Oxford: Lexington Box.
Dash, K. C. (1996). The political economy of regional cooperation in South Asia,
Pacific Affairs, 69(2), 185-209.
Dash, K. C. (2001). The challenge of regionalism in South Asia, International
Politics, 38, 201-228
Dorussen, H. (2006). Heterogeneous trade interests and conflict: What you trade
matters. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 50(1), 87-107.
Dutz, M. A. (2010). Harmonizing regulatory mechanisms: Options for deepening
investment integration in South Asia. In,Ahmed, S., Kelegama, S., & Ghani, E.
(eds.), Promoting economic cooperation in South Asia: Beyond SAFTA (pp.
195-209)New Delhi: SAGE Publications India Pvt Ltd.
Ethier, W. J. (1998). The new regionalism. The Economic Journal, 108(449), 1149-
1161.
Faizal, Y. (2004). Pakistan, SAARC and ASEAN relations. Contemporary
Southeast Asia, 26(2), 346-75
Gartzke, E., Q. Li & Ch. Boehmer (2001). Investing in the peace: Economic
interdependence and international conflict. International Organization, 55(2),
391-438.
Gasiorowski, M. J. (1986). Economic interdependence and international conflict:
Some cross-national evidence. International Studies Quarterly, 30(1), 23-38.
Graham, K. (2008). Regionalisation and responses to armed conflict, with special
focus on conflict prevention and peacekeeping. In Cooper, A. F., Hughes C. W.,
& De Lombaerde Ph. (eds.), Regionalisation and global governance: The
taming of globalisation? (159-187).
Haar, E. (2010). The liberal divide over trade, peace and war. International
Relations, 24(2), 132–154.
Haas, E. B. (1970). The study of regional integration: Reflections on the joy and
anguish of pretheorizing. International Organization, 24(4), 607-646.
Haas, E. B. (1976). Turbulent fields and the theory of regional integration.
International Organization, 30(2), 173-212
Harshe, R. (2005). India-Pakistan conflict over Kashmir: Peace through
development cooperation. South Asian Survey, 12, 47-60.
Hetne, B. & Soderbaum F. (2008). The future of regionalism: old divides, new
frontiers. In Cooper, A. F., Hughes C. W., & De Lombaerde Ph. (eds.)
Regionalisation and global governance: The taming of globalisation? (pp.61-
80)
Hussain, A. (2010). Peace and economic cooperation in South Asia. In Ahmed, S.;
Kelegama, S. & Ghani, E. (eds.), Promoting economic cooperation in South
Asia: Beyond SAFTA (pp. 3-30)
India Ministry of Commerce. Available at:
http://commerce.nic.in/trade/international_ta_current_details.asp. (accessed on
2013, November 1).
Jain, B.M. (2010). India in the new South Asia: Strategic, military and economic
concerns in the age of nuclear policy. London and New York: I.B.Tauris
Publishers.
Joshua, A. (2011). Pak grants MFN status to India. Available at:
http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/article2591731.ece. (accessed on
2013, November 12).
Kapur, S. P. (2010). Kashmir dispute: Past, present, and future. In Ganguly, S.,
Scobell, A., & J. Ch. Liow (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of Asian security
studies (pp. 103-114).
Kastner, S. L. (2007). When do conflicting political relations affect international
trade?. The Journal of Conflict Resolution, 51(4), 664-688.
Keohane, R. O. (1984). After hegemony: cooperation and discord in the world
political economy. New Jersey: Princeton University Press
Khan, Sh. R. et al. (2009). Regional trade agreements in South Asia: trade and
conflict linkages. In Khan, Sh. R. (ed.) Regional trade integration and conflict
resolution (pp. 63-93). London and New York: Rutledge.
Khan, Sh. R., Shaheen F. H., & Yusuf, M. (2009). Managing conflict Through
trade: The case of Pakistan and India. In Khan, Sh. R. (ed.), Regional trade
integration and conflict resolution (pp. 130-165).
Krustev, V. L. (2006). Interdependence and the duration of militarized conflict.
Journal of Peace Research, 43(3), 243–260
Maass, C. D. (1996). South Asia: drawn between cooperation and conflict. South
Asian Survey, 3(1&2), 259-276
Maoz, Z. (2009). The effects of strategic and economic interdependence on
international conflict across levels of analysis. American Journal of Political
Science, 53(1), 223-240.
McMillan, S. M. (1997). Interdependence and conflict, Mershon International
Studies Review, 41(1), 33-58.
Mehta, P. B. (2003). India-Pakistan: the enduring stalemate. Economic and
Political Weekly, 38(21), 2014-2017.
Murshed, S. M., & Mamoon, D. (2010). Not loving thy neighbour as thyself:
Trade, democracy and military expenditure explanations underlying India --
Pakistan rivalry. Journal of Peace Research, 47(4), 463–476
80)
Hussain, A. (2010). Peace and economic cooperation in South Asia. In Ahmed, S.;
Kelegama, S. & Ghani, E. (eds.), Promoting economic cooperation in South
Asia: Beyond SAFTA (pp. 3-30)
India Ministry of Commerce. Available at:
http://commerce.nic.in/trade/international_ta_current_details.asp. (accessed on
2013, November 1).
Jain, B.M. (2010). India in the new South Asia: Strategic, military and economic
concerns in the age of nuclear policy. London and New York: I.B.Tauris
Publishers.
Joshua, A. (2011). Pak grants MFN status to India. Available at:
http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/article2591731.ece. (accessed on
2013, November 12).
Kapur, S. P. (2010). Kashmir dispute: Past, present, and future. In Ganguly, S.,
Scobell, A., & J. Ch. Liow (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of Asian security
studies (pp. 103-114).
Kastner, S. L. (2007). When do conflicting political relations affect international
trade?. The Journal of Conflict Resolution, 51(4), 664-688.
Keohane, R. O. (1984). After hegemony: cooperation and discord in the world
political economy. New Jersey: Princeton University Press
Khan, Sh. R. et al. (2009). Regional trade agreements in South Asia: trade and
conflict linkages. In Khan, Sh. R. (ed.) Regional trade integration and conflict
resolution (pp. 63-93). London and New York: Rutledge.
Khan, Sh. R., Shaheen F. H., & Yusuf, M. (2009). Managing conflict Through
trade: The case of Pakistan and India. In Khan, Sh. R. (ed.), Regional trade
integration and conflict resolution (pp. 130-165).
Krustev, V. L. (2006). Interdependence and the duration of militarized conflict.
Journal of Peace Research, 43(3), 243–260
Maass, C. D. (1996). South Asia: drawn between cooperation and conflict. South
Asian Survey, 3(1&2), 259-276
Maoz, Z. (2009). The effects of strategic and economic interdependence on
international conflict across levels of analysis. American Journal of Political
Science, 53(1), 223-240.
McMillan, S. M. (1997). Interdependence and conflict, Mershon International
Studies Review, 41(1), 33-58.
Mehta, P. B. (2003). India-Pakistan: the enduring stalemate. Economic and
Political Weekly, 38(21), 2014-2017.
Murshed, S. M., & Mamoon, D. (2010). Not loving thy neighbour as thyself:
Trade, democracy and military expenditure explanations underlying India --
Pakistan rivalry. Journal of Peace Research, 47(4), 463–476
Pakistan Ministry of Commerce. Available at: http://www.commerce.gov.pk.
(accessed on 2013, November 1).
Panagariya, A. (2007). Trading choices of South Asia. In Ahmed, S. & Ghani E.
(eds.), South Asia growth and regional integration (pp.173-191)
Pattanaik, S. S. (2004). Indo-Pak relations and SAARC summits. Strategic
Analysis, 28(3), 427-39.
Polachek, S. W (1980). Conflict and trade. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 24(1),
55-78.
Polachek, S. W., Robst, J., & Y. Chang (1999). Liberalism and interdependence:
Extending the trade-conflict model. Journal of Peace Research, 36(4), 405–422.
Qamar, A. (2005). Trade between India and Pakistan: Potential items and the MFN
status. SBP-Research Bulletin, 1(1), 45- 57.
Rahman, M. M. (2007). Macro-economic and trade link models of SAARC
countries: an investigation for regional trade expansion. Journal of the Asia
Pacific Economy, 13(1), 50-62
Rahmatullah, M. (2010). Transport issues and integration in South Asia. In,
Ahmed, S., Kelegama, S., & Ghani, E. (eds.), Promoting economic cooperation
in South Asia: Beyond SAFTA (pp. 174-195)
Robst, J.; Polachek, S. & Chang Y. (2007). Geographic proximity, trade, and
international conflict/cooperation. Conflict Management and Peace Science, 24,
1-24.
Rosamond, B. (2008). Rethinking classical integration theory. In Cooper, A. F.,
Hughes C. W., & De Lombaerde Ph. (eds.), Regionalisation and global
governance: The taming of globalisation? (pp.80-97)
Russett, B. & Oneal, J. R. (2001). Triangulating peace: Democracy,
interdependence and international organizations. New York: Norton.
Sahoo, P. (2006). Foreign direct investment in South Asia: Policy, trends, impact
and determinants. ADB Institute Discussion Paper, 56.
Srinivasan, P. et al. (2011). An empirical investigation of foreign direct investment
and economic growth in SAARC nations. Journal of Asia Business Studies,
5(2), 232-248.
Trebilcock, M. J. & Howse, R. (1995). The regulation of international trade (2nd
Edition). London and New York: Routledge.
UNCTAD. Available at: http://unctad.org/en/Pages/DIAE/FDI-Stock.aspx.
(accessed on 2013, November 23).
UNCTAD. Available at: http://unctad.org/en/Pages/DIAE/FDI-Flows.aspx.
(accessed on 2014, January 23).
Vayrynen, R. (2003). Regionalism: Old and new. International Studies Review 5,
25–51.
(accessed on 2013, November 1).
Panagariya, A. (2007). Trading choices of South Asia. In Ahmed, S. & Ghani E.
(eds.), South Asia growth and regional integration (pp.173-191)
Pattanaik, S. S. (2004). Indo-Pak relations and SAARC summits. Strategic
Analysis, 28(3), 427-39.
Polachek, S. W (1980). Conflict and trade. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 24(1),
55-78.
Polachek, S. W., Robst, J., & Y. Chang (1999). Liberalism and interdependence:
Extending the trade-conflict model. Journal of Peace Research, 36(4), 405–422.
Qamar, A. (2005). Trade between India and Pakistan: Potential items and the MFN
status. SBP-Research Bulletin, 1(1), 45- 57.
Rahman, M. M. (2007). Macro-economic and trade link models of SAARC
countries: an investigation for regional trade expansion. Journal of the Asia
Pacific Economy, 13(1), 50-62
Rahmatullah, M. (2010). Transport issues and integration in South Asia. In,
Ahmed, S., Kelegama, S., & Ghani, E. (eds.), Promoting economic cooperation
in South Asia: Beyond SAFTA (pp. 174-195)
Robst, J.; Polachek, S. & Chang Y. (2007). Geographic proximity, trade, and
international conflict/cooperation. Conflict Management and Peace Science, 24,
1-24.
Rosamond, B. (2008). Rethinking classical integration theory. In Cooper, A. F.,
Hughes C. W., & De Lombaerde Ph. (eds.), Regionalisation and global
governance: The taming of globalisation? (pp.80-97)
Russett, B. & Oneal, J. R. (2001). Triangulating peace: Democracy,
interdependence and international organizations. New York: Norton.
Sahoo, P. (2006). Foreign direct investment in South Asia: Policy, trends, impact
and determinants. ADB Institute Discussion Paper, 56.
Srinivasan, P. et al. (2011). An empirical investigation of foreign direct investment
and economic growth in SAARC nations. Journal of Asia Business Studies,
5(2), 232-248.
Trebilcock, M. J. & Howse, R. (1995). The regulation of international trade (2nd
Edition). London and New York: Routledge.
UNCTAD. Available at: http://unctad.org/en/Pages/DIAE/FDI-Stock.aspx.
(accessed on 2013, November 23).
UNCTAD. Available at: http://unctad.org/en/Pages/DIAE/FDI-Flows.aspx.
(accessed on 2014, January 23).
Vayrynen, R. (2003). Regionalism: Old and new. International Studies Review 5,
25–51.
)
ارسال نظر در مورد این مقاله