مقالات
Azam Amini; Alireza Ebrahimgol
Abstract
The Islamic Republic of Iran's law for jurisdiction of Iranian judiciary for proceeding with the civil suits made against foreign states was adopted in response to the judgments made by the US courts against the state government of the Islamic Republic of Iran and its related organizations and breach ...
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The Islamic Republic of Iran's law for jurisdiction of Iranian judiciary for proceeding with the civil suits made against foreign states was adopted in response to the judgments made by the US courts against the state government of the Islamic Republic of Iran and its related organizations and breach of their immunity. However, irrespective of the validity of those decisions, now there are many various decisions, valid and enforceable under each state domestic law, issued by the court of each state against the other state. Under the US laws and regulations, resolving disputes arising from those decisions is the legal precondition for normalization of the relations between the both states. The 1955 Iran-US Amity Treaty will provide the national and international legal basis for such a settlement through resorting to the international court of justice and other means of friendly dispute settlement including arbitration. Historically, there are different ways for this resolution such as concluding lump sum agreements, establishment of foreign claim settlement commission, and international mass claim procedure (IMCP). All these methods have their specific virtues but it seems that the IMCP method is a more suitable way for settling disputes arising from decisions issued under those immunity Acts.
مقالات
mohammad ali basiri; hassan ainehvand
Abstract
Abstract
After more than a decade of the dispute over Iranian nuclear program, finally this delicate issue came to an end through the signing of a nuclear deal between Iran and the 5+1 members. Russia, China and the United States are the main actors in Iranian nuclear case; whose role in relation to ...
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Abstract
After more than a decade of the dispute over Iranian nuclear program, finally this delicate issue came to an end through the signing of a nuclear deal between Iran and the 5+1 members. Russia, China and the United States are the main actors in Iranian nuclear case; whose role in relation to this case is undeniable. The United States with its pressure, threats and sanctions was trying to prevent Iran from obtaining the nuclear power. Introducing this program as a threat for international peace and security is the Washington policy to legitimize its actions against Iran, but Russia and China's approaches are different in nature. These two countries on one hand, in coordination with the West fears of Iran's nuclear power and on the other hand by defining themselves as pro-Iran, have taken ambiguous stances. The findings of this study show that the most important element affecting the politics of Moscow and Beijing in dealing with this crisis is Russia's and China's strategic relations with the United States. The main question of this paper is what factors influenced the foreign policy of the three countries in dealing with the nuclear issue? The main hypothesis of this study is that Russia and China rely on legal grounds in their opposition and have pragmatic strategic and tactical interactions with Iran in order to ensure their interests but the United States, in addition to legal-political restrictions imposed on Iran deals with ideological tensions against Iran. However all three countries have strategic relationship with each other, they have tactical relationship with Iran and they are against Iran becoming a nuclear power. This paper analyzes the research data by a comparative qualitative method.
مقالات
Khalil Sardarnia; Alireza Ansari
Abstract
Up-down democratic transitions occur in reaction to internal and external obligations and necessities by governments. This kind of transition begins in the form of liberalization and minimal democracy, and then in the process of time can lead to consolidation of democracy by providing various good situations ...
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Up-down democratic transitions occur in reaction to internal and external obligations and necessities by governments. This kind of transition begins in the form of liberalization and minimal democracy, and then in the process of time can lead to consolidation of democracy by providing various good situations and responsibility in government, people and civic associations. By adopting political-sociological approach and causal- analytical explanative method, the important aim of this research is finding the answer of this question: What are the most important roots or efficient factors effecting on liberalization and gradual democracy in Kuwait from the 1990s onward? Research hypothesis: The most important factors effecting on liberalization and gradual democracy in Kuwait from the 1990s onward are the invasion of Iraq to Kuwait as an important external opportunity, the intensification of demands for democracy in civic associations, civic actors and social movements, political cleavages in power block or ruling elites and the impacts of press and the internet on awareness and attitude changes. The main findings of this study indicate that against other Arab countries of the region, and with regard to some obligations, Kuwait’s government move realistically toward gradual political liberalization and this process continued in controlled manner. This transition has mainly occurred by tactical aims than substantive one and then, probably would face challenges in future.
مقالات
neda alizadeh tajjadin; Gholamreza Khadivi Rofogar
Abstract
This study tries to assess and compare the reflection of news and articles in Shargh and Keyhan newspapers on the Geneva Nuclear deal, from September 2013 to March 2014. The importance of the period is that after the election of Rouhani as president, negotiations with the foreign countries called 5+1 ...
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This study tries to assess and compare the reflection of news and articles in Shargh and Keyhan newspapers on the Geneva Nuclear deal, from September 2013 to March 2014. The importance of the period is that after the election of Rouhani as president, negotiations with the foreign countries called 5+1 countries started. The method used in this research is "quantitative content analysis", and the analysis of the "content" is carried out by systematic sampling of a total of 530 articles published over a period of seven months. Highlighting ideas and image building have been used as the theoretical framework for the research. The reliability of the study is calculated by the K2 test. The result of the data analysis in this study indicates that there is a significant difference between the views of the Shargh and the Kayhan newspapers. The Shargh reflected a more realistic view in its news pieces and comments in which negotiations and the results are accepted. On the other hand, the Keyhan followed a critical and ideological point of view, espousing a pessimist approach towards negotiations.
مقالات
ali mohammadian; alireza Rezaei
Abstract
Diplomacy and negotiation between governmental and non- governmental units have been always underway domestically, regionally and globally, dating back to the human history. Such concepts as diplomacy, diplomat and negotiation have been extensively employed in the literature on international relations. ...
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Diplomacy and negotiation between governmental and non- governmental units have been always underway domestically, regionally and globally, dating back to the human history. Such concepts as diplomacy, diplomat and negotiation have been extensively employed in the literature on international relations. They, recurrently, represent the relationship between two or more states or even several non-governmental actors. The central question, therefore, is how the changing concept of diplomacy related to the theories of international relations (IR). This study addresses the changes in diplomacy in IR. For this purpose, the changes in this concept from the mid-15th up until the 21st are reviewed. The main thrust here is to draw upon these conceptual changes with reference to the theories of realism, liberalism and constructivism. The findings indicate that it is possible to analyze the changes in terms of the theories via considering diplomacy in three different periods including traditional, unconventional and reciprocal (in this study). It should, however, be borne in mind that these three theories are not, on their own, able to explain the totality and full range of the changing concept of diplomacy.
مقالات
enayatollah yazdani; zahra aghamohammadi; ehsan fallahi
Abstract
In the post-bipolar period, the nature of international conflicts has changed and peacekeeping missions increased in Critical parts of the world such as Africa. Sudan crisis can be nominated as the greatest humanitarian catastrophe in the world that has provoked the reaction of countries and the United ...
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In the post-bipolar period, the nature of international conflicts has changed and peacekeeping missions increased in Critical parts of the world such as Africa. Sudan crisis can be nominated as the greatest humanitarian catastrophe in the world that has provoked the reaction of countries and the United Nations. The UN Security Council through prescription of multiple resolutions play vital role as the main operator of keeping the international peace and security. Current article evaluates peacekeeping missions in Africa and seeks to answer why the Security Council’s peacekeeping missions have not been successful in South Sudan, Darfur and Abyei? Failure to follow the effective components in peacekeeping operations caused to fizzle the UN in these missions. The mentioned elements include consent and goodwill of the two parties, impartiality, collaboration and participation of key foreign players, sense of security for the parties involved, transparency in the functions and powers of the mission, timely and rapid deployment of peacekeeping operations, domestic and international coordination and cooperation, competent leadership of the peacekeeping mission, and considering the causes and reasons of war.
