Securitizing of Iran’s Nuclear by the Bush and Obama Administrations

Document Type : مقالات

Authors

• hossain daheshiar
• nozar nazari

Allameh Tabatabei University

https://doi.org/10.22067/jipr.v7i2.71932

Abstract

Utilizing the Copenhagen School as the theoretical framework and the concept of securitization as the research methodology then relying on the concept of "Speech_Act" as the analytical framework, this article specifically addresses the policy of securitizing the Islamic Republic of Iran and the verbal and practical aspects of this policy in the context of US foreign policy system in the post-9/11 period. According to Copenhagen, the definition of the identity of actor is a socially constructed and interdisciplinary matter. The concept of securitization is the central concept of Copenhagen's security theory, according to which in terms of sensitivity issues are divided into three categories: public issues, political issues, and security issues. According to this theory, the process of identity definition is first created with the verbal definition of the actors, and then, with the adoption of security policies, will be completed . What was the policy of the Bush administration and the Obama administration at the time of the presidency? What are the differences and similarities between the Bush's and Obama's policy toward Iran? What was the process of encountering the two presidents with the nuclear program of the Islamic Republic of Iran? The present research addresses these questions.

Keywords

• Securitization
• Bush
• Obama
• Terrorism
• Nuclear Program of the Islamic Republic of Iran

References

References

Abdullah Khani, A. (2004). The Theories of Security; A Preface to National Security Doctrine Designing, vol. 1, firest edition, Tehran: Abrare Moaser Cultural Institute on International Research and Studies, (ISCS), (in Persian).

Abdullah Khani, A. (2006). Evaluating and Theoriticlal Critique on Securitization Theory, Journal of Strategic Studies, no. 33, fall 2006, (in Persian).

Abdullah Khani, A. (2013). The Theories of Security, Tehran: Abrare Moaser Cultural Institute on International Research and Studies, (ISCS), (in Persian).

Aryanfar, Book Website, The Full Tex of US National Security Strategy, p.16, April 12, 2010, Available at: http://arianfar.com/books/20100413_01.pdf _15/ 03/2018, (in Persian).

Bozorgmehri, M. Two Documents and a Diplomcy; Evaluating the Bush Administration's Foreign Policy, October 13, 2013, Available at: http://pahlaviha.pchi.ir/show.php?page=contents&id=15942-21/07/2017, (in Persian).

Buzan, Barry, Ole Wæver & Jaap de Wilde (1998) Security: A New Framework for Analysis, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.

Buzan, Barry, (1999). People, States & Fear: The National Security Problem in International Relations, Translated by Tehran: Abrare Moaser Cultural Institute on International Research and Studies, (ISCS), (in Persian).

Clapper, James R. The National Intelligence Strategy of the United States of America 2014, January 29, 2014, available at: https://www.dni.gov/files/ documents/2014_NIS_Publication.pdf.

Differencebetween, website, Difference between Obama and Bush foreign policy, September 27, 2017, available at: http://www.differencebetween.net/business /difference-between-obama-and-bush-foreign-policy/, 16/011/2017.

Feaver, Peter, Popescu, Ionut C. Is Obama’s Foreign Policy Different From George W. Bush’s? , Aug 3 2012, Available at: http://www.e-ir.info/2012/08/03/is-obamas-foreign-policy-different-to-bushs/15/11/2017.

Ganor, Boaz, Identifying the Enemy in Counterterrorism Operations - A Comparison of the Bush and Obama Administrations, International law staudies, Volume 90, (2014).

Gencehan Babiş, Ahmet, The Differences Between The Security Policies of George W. Bush and Barack H. Obama, January 28, 2013, Available at:

https://nationofturks.com/the-differences-between-the-security-policies-of-george-w-bush-and-barack-h-obama-by-ahmet-gencehan-babis/ 01/01/2018.

Ghalam.info website, Obama Ordered the Lifting of Iran Sanctions, January 17, 2016, Available at: http://tnews.ir/news/efdf55862057.html-11/08/2017.

Hadley, Stephen J., Iran Primer: The George W. Bush Administration, 03 Nov 2010, Available at: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/ frontline/ tehranbureau/ 2010/11/iran-primer-the-george-w-bush-administration.html. 21/11/2017.

Haji Mineh, R. Copenhagen School: Concepts and Doctrines, World Study News Letter, No. 2, vol 2, spring (2013). (in Persian).

Hallams, Ellen, From Crusader to Exemplar: Bush, Obama and the Reinvigoration of America’s Soft Power, European journal of American studies, Vol 6, No 1, spring 2011.

Hlavsova, Aneta, Involved in the Middle East: George W Bush versus Barack Obama, Center for Security Studies, Central European Journal of International and Security Studies (CEJISS), 29 Jun 2017.

Hynek, Nik, Continuty And Change In The U.S. Foreign And Security Policy With The Accession Of Ptesident Obama, Policy Paper, Institute of International Relations, Prague, August 2009.

Krause, Keith and C.Williams, Michael, (1997). Critical Security Study, Concepts and Cases, Volume 8 of Borderlines (Minneapolis, Minn.) Routledge, Publication, Published in the UK in 1997 by UCL Press.

Mashregh News, April 5, 2015, What Is The National Security Strategy and Which States Have? Available at: https://www.mashreghnews.ir/news/ 393076-14/07/2017, (in Persian).

Molayi, M. Fras News, September 11, 2015, American Tyranny After the September 11 Attacks, Available at: http://www.farsnews.com/1394061 5001516-05/01/2018, (in Persian).

News Agency, September 10, 2015, what is the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, (JCPOA), Available at: http://www.mizanonline.ir/fa/news/75327- 10/03/2017, (in Persian).

Pallaver, Matteo, Power and Its Forms: Hard, Soft, Smart, A thesis submitted to the Department of International Relations of the London School of Economics for the degree of Master of Philosophy. October 2011.

Radio Farda, April 30, 2008, Bush; Syrian Atomic Plan Was an Alert to Iran and North Korea, Available at: https://www.radiofarda.com/a/o2_bush_syria_ nkorea_link/445633.html-18/10/2017, (in Persian).

Tabatabaei, M., & Sayfi, Y. Micro Strategy of the U.S. in the Middle East: A Sense for Interaction of Soft Power and Hard Power, Quartery Jornal of International Studies, vol, 5, No. 19, (18), fall 2012, (in Persian).

Young Journalists Club, May 7, 2016, Rueters: New Details about Stuxnet Attak on Iraninan Nuclear Facilities, Available at: http://www.yjc.ir/fa/news/-10/02/2107, (in Persian).

Wikipedia, Sanctions against Iran, January 8, 2018, Available at: https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki-19/01/2018, (in Persian).