Document Type : Original Article
Author
Abstract
One of the strategies of actors, especially small actors in the hierarchy of power in the turbulent situation of the international system, is their behavioral and systemic adaptation to their environment. In other words since in the anarchic environment of the international system, there is a lot of competition for obtain limited resources between the actors of the system, and this competition ultimately leads to conflict and situations in the system in which the weak actor unable to change environmental , or the actor's limitations more than its capabilities, and in this situation, the actor tends to adapt his behavioral patterns to the existing conditions in order to avoid wasting his power in the hierarchy of power. Therefore, the research, by focusing on the adaptation mechanism in foreign policy and using a descriptive-analytical method, tries to explain the foreign policy strategies of the actors of the Persian Gulf region. The result of the present study indicates that environmental constraints lead actors to adaptive strategies and actors in the Persian Gulf region in the face of environmental constraints according to their capabilities and ideals, adopted three types of creative (Pragmatic middle actors), active (Poles of power) and passive (Weak actors) adaptation.
Keywords
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stats, and author profiles for this publication at:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/359843138.
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Ioannidis, S. (2008). How development changes evolution: conceptual and historical issues
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Mavruk Cavlak, C. (2017). Regional Power Politics: The Behavior And Motivations Of
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Mojtahedzadeh, P. (2013). Security and territoriality in the Persian Gulf: A maritime
political geography. Routledge.
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systems: a systematic literature review. In Proceedings of the 11th international symposium
on software engineering for adaptive and self-managing systems (pp. 75-81).
Nonneman, G. (2005). Determinants and Patterns of Saudi Foreign
Policy:‘Omnibalancing’and ‘Relative Autonomy’in Multiple Environments. Saudi Arabia in the balance: Political economy, society, foreign affairs, 220, 315-51.
Panke, D. (2010). Small states in the European Union: structural disadvantages in EU
policy-making and counter-strategies. Journal of European Public Policy, 17(6), 799-817.
Pedersen, R., & May, M. (1999). Visualization in process control. Human Factors and
Ergonomics in Manufacturing & Service Industries, 9(3), 267-276.
Petersen, N. (1977). Adaptation as a framework for the analysis of foreign policy behavior.
Cooperation and Conflict, 12(4), 221-250.
Potter, L. G. (Ed.). (2009). The Persian Gulf in History (p. 27). New York: Palgrave
Macmillan.
Renn, O. (2008). Concepts of risk: An interdisciplinary review–part 2: Integrative
approaches. GAIA-Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society, 17(2), 196-204.
Roberts, D. B. (2012). Understanding Qatar's foreign policy objectives. Mediterranean
Politics, 17(2), 233-239.
Rosenau, J. N. (1970). Foreign policy as adaptive behavior: some preliminary notes for a
theoretical model. Comparative Politics, 2(3), 365-387.
Rosenau, J. N., Czempiel, E. O., & Smith, S. (Eds.). (1992). Governance without
government: order and change in world politics (No. 20). Cambridge University Press.
Salata, K. D., & Yiannakou, A. (2020). The Quest for Adaptation through Spatial Planning
and Ecosystem-Based Tools in Resilience Strategies. Sustainability, 12(14), 5548.
Schweller, R. L. (1992). Domestic structure and preventive war: are democracies more
pacific?. World Politics, 44(2), 235-269.
Simpson, D. (2013). The rediscovery of classical economics: adaptation, complexity and
growth. Edward Elgar Publishing.
Smith, B., & Pilifosova, O. (2003). From adaptation to adaptive capacity and vulnerability
reduction. In Climate change, adaptive capacity and development (pp. 9-28).
Smith, B., Huq, S., & Klein, R. J. (2003). Climate change, adaptive capacity and
development. Imperial College Press.
Smit, B., & Wandel, J. (2006). Adaptation, adaptive capacity and vulnerability. Global
environmental change, 16(3), 282-292.
Smit, L., & Holler, H. (2018). Evolution of Adaptations. In book: Encyclopedia of
Evolutionary Psychological SciencePublisher: Springer 2018.
Tallberg, J. (2008). Bargaining power in the European Council. JCMS: journal of common
market studies, 46(3), 685-708.
Thompson, W. R. (2001). Identifying rivals and rivalries in world politics. International
Studies Quarterly, 45(4), 557-586.
Thorhallsson, B., & Steinsson, S. (2017). Small state foreign policy. In Oxford Research
Encyclopedia of Politics.
Turner, C. B., Marshall, C. W., & Cooper, V. S. (2018). Parallel genetic adaptation across
environments differing in mode of growth or resource availability. Evolution letters, 2(4),
355-367.
Ministers of the European Union. European Union Politics, 14(1), 70-94.
Daryaee, T. (2003). The Persian Gulf trade in late antiquity. Journal of world History, 1-
16.
de Bruin, K. C. (2011). Distinguishing between proactive (stock) and reactive (flow)
adaptation. Available at SSRN 1854285.
Doeser, F. (2011). Domestic politics and foreign policy change in small states: the fall of
the Danish ‘footnote policy’. Cooperation and Conflict, 46(2), 222-241.
Elman, M. F. (1995). The foreign policies of small states: Challenging neorealism in its
own backyard. British Journal of Political Science, 25(2), 171-217.
Eyvazov, J. (2009). “Iran's Security Interests and Geopolitical Activity in Central
Eura sia.” The Caucasus & Globalization 3(4).
Fain, W. T. (2008). American ascendance and British retreat in the Persian Gulf region
(pp. 13-17). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Ferreira, M. P., Li, D., & Serra, F. A. R. (2008). Adaptation to the international business
environment: A resource advantage perspective. Revista Contemporânea de Contabilidade,
1(10), 11-29.
Galbreath, D. J. (2006). Latvian foreign policy after enlargement: Continuity and change.
Cooperation and Conflict, 41(4), 443-462.
Gause III, F. G. (2009). The international relations of the Persian Gulf. Cambridge
University Press.
Ghasemi, F. (2015). Adaptive and transitional dynamics in cybernetic systems and foreign
policy. political quarterly, 45(3), 759-779. [in persian].
Ghasemi, F. (2011). Theories of International Relations and Regional Studies. Mizan.
Tehran. [in persian].
Goldmann, K. (2014). Change and stability in foreign policy. Princeton University Press.
Grzywacz, A. (2015). Adaptation in Foreign Policy of Singapore Towards ASEAN.
Humanities and Social Sciences, 3(5), 240.
Haddad, F. (2014). A sectarian awakening: Reinventing Sunni identity in Iraq after 2003.
Current Trends in Islamist Ideology, 17(4), 145-176.
Hashemi, N., & Postel, D. (2018). Iran, Saudi Arabia and Modern Hatreds. New York
Times, 15.
Hattie, J., & Timperley, H. (2007). The power of feedback. Review of educational research,
77(1), 81-112.
Iyayi, I. O., Adigun, O. W., & Salihu, B. (2020). Iran-Qatar Relations And The Gulf
Regional Crisis.
Kaim, M. (Ed.). (2016). Great powers and regional orders: the United States and the Persian Gulf. Routledge.
Kamrava, M. (2018). Hierarchy and Instability in the Middle East Regional Order,
International Studies Journal (ISJ), Vol. 14. No. 4. Spring 2018. pp.1-35.
Kamrava, M. (Ed.). (2011). The International Politics of the Persian Gulf. Syracuse
University Press.
Katzman, K. (2021). Kuwait: Governance, security, and US policy. Congressional Research
Service Washington United States.
Kent, M. (Ed.). (2005). The Great Powers and the end of the Ottoman Empire. Routledge.
Keskitalo, E. C. H. (2004). A framework for multi-level stakeholder studies in response to
global change. Local Environment, 9(5), 425-435.
Khatib, L. (2013). Qatar's foreign policy: the limits of pragmatism. International Affairs,
89(2), 417-431.
Klein, R. J., Midgley, G., Preston, B. L., Alam, M., Berkhout, F., Dow, K., & Shaw, M. R.
(2015). Adaptation opportunities, constraints, and limits. In Climate change 2014: Impacts,
adaptation, and vulnerability. Part A: Global and sectoral aspects. Contribution of working
group II to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change (p.
899). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lake, D. A. (2009). Relational authority and legitimacy in international relations. American
Behavioral Scientist, 53(3), 331-353.
Lefebvre, J. A. (2010). Oman's foreign policy in the twenty-first century. Middle East
Policy, 17(1), 99.
Ioannidis, S. (2008). How development changes evolution: conceptual and historical issues
in evolutionary developmental biology. Biology & Philosophy, 23(4), 567-578.
Marschall, C. (2003). Iran's Persian Gulf Policy: From Khomeini to Khatami. Routledge.
Mavruk Cavlak, C. (2017). Regional Power Politics: The Behavior And Motivations Of
Regional Powers In Settings Of Conflict And Coalition.
Mearsheimer, J. J. (2001). Future of the American Pacifer, The. Foreign Aff., 80, 46.
Miglietta, J. (2015). Imperial Crossroads: The Great Powers and the Persian Gulf.
Mohammadzadeh, B. (2017). Status and foreign policy change in small states: Qatar’s
emergence in perspective. The International Spectator, 52(2), 19-36.
Mojtahedzadeh, P. (2013). Security and territoriality in the Persian Gulf: A maritime
political geography. Routledge.
Mossalanejad, A. (2016). Regional Balance Policy in Iran-Saudi Arabia Relations. political
quarterly, 46(4), 1067-1087. [in persian].
Muccini, H., Sharaf, M., & Weyns, D. (2016, May). Self-adaptation for cyber-physical
systems: a systematic literature review. In Proceedings of the 11th international symposium
on software engineering for adaptive and self-managing systems (pp. 75-81).
Nonneman, G. (2005). Determinants and Patterns of Saudi Foreign
Policy:‘Omnibalancing’and ‘Relative Autonomy’in Multiple Environments. Saudi Arabia in the balance: Political economy, society, foreign affairs, 220, 315-51.
Panke, D. (2010). Small states in the European Union: structural disadvantages in EU
policy-making and counter-strategies. Journal of European Public Policy, 17(6), 799-817.
Pedersen, R., & May, M. (1999). Visualization in process control. Human Factors and
Ergonomics in Manufacturing & Service Industries, 9(3), 267-276.
Petersen, N. (1977). Adaptation as a framework for the analysis of foreign policy behavior.
Cooperation and Conflict, 12(4), 221-250.
Potter, L. G. (Ed.). (2009). The Persian Gulf in History (p. 27). New York: Palgrave
Macmillan.
Renn, O. (2008). Concepts of risk: An interdisciplinary review–part 2: Integrative
approaches. GAIA-Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society, 17(2), 196-204.
Roberts, D. B. (2012). Understanding Qatar's foreign policy objectives. Mediterranean
Politics, 17(2), 233-239.
Rosenau, J. N. (1970). Foreign policy as adaptive behavior: some preliminary notes for a
theoretical model. Comparative Politics, 2(3), 365-387.
Rosenau, J. N., Czempiel, E. O., & Smith, S. (Eds.). (1992). Governance without
government: order and change in world politics (No. 20). Cambridge University Press.
Salata, K. D., & Yiannakou, A. (2020). The Quest for Adaptation through Spatial Planning
and Ecosystem-Based Tools in Resilience Strategies. Sustainability, 12(14), 5548.
Schweller, R. L. (1992). Domestic structure and preventive war: are democracies more
pacific?. World Politics, 44(2), 235-269.
Simpson, D. (2013). The rediscovery of classical economics: adaptation, complexity and
growth. Edward Elgar Publishing.
Smith, B., & Pilifosova, O. (2003). From adaptation to adaptive capacity and vulnerability
reduction. In Climate change, adaptive capacity and development (pp. 9-28).
Smith, B., Huq, S., & Klein, R. J. (2003). Climate change, adaptive capacity and
development. Imperial College Press.
Smit, B., & Wandel, J. (2006). Adaptation, adaptive capacity and vulnerability. Global
environmental change, 16(3), 282-292.
Smit, L., & Holler, H. (2018). Evolution of Adaptations. In book: Encyclopedia of
Evolutionary Psychological SciencePublisher: Springer 2018.
Tallberg, J. (2008). Bargaining power in the European Council. JCMS: journal of common
market studies, 46(3), 685-708.
Thompson, W. R. (2001). Identifying rivals and rivalries in world politics. International
Studies Quarterly, 45(4), 557-586.
Thorhallsson, B., & Steinsson, S. (2017). Small state foreign policy. In Oxford Research
Encyclopedia of Politics.
Turner, C. B., Marshall, C. W., & Cooper, V. S. (2018). Parallel genetic adaptation across
environments differing in mode of growth or resource availability. Evolution letters, 2(4),
355-367.
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policy-making. European journal of operational Research, 128(2), 282-289.
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policy-making. European journal of operational Research, 128(2), 282-289.
Walt, S. M. (1987). The origins of alliance. Cornell University Press.
Warren, D. H. (2021). Rivals in the Gulf: Yusuf Al-Qaradawi, Abdullah Bin Bayyah, and
the Qatar-UAE Contest over the Arab Spring and the Gulf Crisis. Routledge.
Weiner, R. (2004). The foreign policy of the voronin administration. Demokratizatsiya,
12(4), 541-556.
Wilson, A. (2012). The Persian Gulf (RLE Iran A). Routledge.
Yetiv, S. A. (2008). The Absence of Grand Strategy: The United States in the Persian Gulf,
1972--2005. JHU Press.
Yohe, G., Kirshen, P., & Knee, K. (2010, February). On the economics of coastal
adaptation in an uncertain world. In American Association for the Advancement of Science
(AAAS) 2010 Annual Meeting, San Diego, CA (20 February).
Yossef, A. (2021). The Regional Impact of the Abraham Accords. Modern War Institute,
2(Series 2021), 1.
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