Document Type : Original Article
Authors
1 University Lecturer, Faculty of Humanities, Ilam Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ilam, Iran.
2 Assistant Professor of International Relations, Communication and Social Sciences Department, Faculty of Humanities, Tehran East Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
Abstract
The implementation of Turkey's huge dam construction projects on the international rivers Tigris, Euphrates and Ars has caused various consequences for the neighboring countries. This action has brought reactions from the downstream governments that are directly related to the rights of these governments and the obligations of the upstream government from the perspective of international law. Although Turkey responded to these criticisms and justified the construction of dams as an internal issue within the framework of national sovereignty, but in terms of the consequences of this Turkish policy for the surrounding countries, it cannot be considered limited to national sovereignty. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to investigate the legal aspects of Turkey's dam construction (Gap and DAP) based on the logic of its consequences on the surrounding countries (Iran, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Syria and Iraq). The main question of the research is that Turkey's huge dam constructions in the form of GAP and DAP projects can be interpreted from a legal point of view with which domestic law and international law cases? which, with a descriptive-analytical method, evaluates the hypothesis that Turkey's numerous dams on the international rivers Tigris, Euphrates and Aras in the form of GAP and DAP projects, from an internal point of view, violate the first article of the rights of minorities and article 27 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. From an international point of view, it is contrary to Article 5 of the rule of fair use in international waterway rights and in conflict with the rule of no damage, the principle of prevention and caution in international environmental law.
Keywords
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government in the implementation of the GAP project regarding adverse environmental
effects in Iran (Rizgardha), International Legal Journal, No. 61, 311-351. (in persian)
Alioglu, S. (2019). Evaluation of the regime and environmental flow of the Hirmand River
under the influence of Kamal Khan dam operation using the capacity of international
conventions, Master's thesis, Tarbiat Modares University, Faculty of Agriculture. (in
persian)
Araghchi, A. (2014). Water diplomacy, from conflict to cooperation, World Politics
Quarterly, 3(4), 91-119. (in persian)
Azad bakht, B., & Nowrozi, Gh. (2008). Geography of Iran's waters, publications of the
Geographical Organization of the Armed Forces. First Edition. Tehran ا(in persian)
Bigdley, A. (1989). The Political-Economic History of Iraq, Institute of Historical Studies
and Publications of the Heritage of Nations, Tehran ا(in persian)
Bilgen, Arda. (2019). The Southeastern Anatolia Project (GAP) in Turkey: An Alternative
Perspective on the Major Rationales of GAP, Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies,
21(5), 532-552
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international watercourse management. NYU Envtl. LJ, 12, 169
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (2011). "Dam construction in Turkey
and its impact on economic, cultural and social rights, Submission to the UN Committee on
Economic, Social and Cultural Rights for its 46 th Session", (2- 20 May 2011).
Dashti, T. (2011). Conceptualization of Ethnicity and Ethnic Minority as an Element of
Political Society, Political and International Research Quarterly, No, 9. (in persian)
Declation of Madrid. (1911). International Regulation regarding the Use of International
Watercourses for Purposes other than Navigation, available at:
https://www.hlrn.org/img/documents/Declaration%20Madrid%201911.pdf
Espoo. (2022). Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary
Context, Available at: https: //treaties.un.org/doc/Treaties/1991/02/19910225%2008-
29%20PM /Ch_ XX V II_04p.pdfا
Fadaeli, M. (2017). Protection of religious minorities in the Islamic legal system and the
international human rights system, Quarterly Journal of Comparative Islamic and Western
Laws, 4(1). (in persian)
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Farhadi, F.(2021). Hydropolitics of Tigris and Euphrates in the horizon of 2026 and 2030,
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Fatahi, H. (2007). Examining the principle of non-discrimination regarding ethnic
minorities in international covenants of civil and political rights, Master's thesis, University
of Tehran. (in persian)
Habertürk. (2020). Karakurt barajında kilise, mezarlık ve tapu tartışması, Available at:
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the process of building dams by the neighbors, Iran Students News Agency "ISNA", news
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changes of Mesopotamia wetlands and factors affecting it, Human and Environment
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Heidarzadeh, T.; Jamali, H. R, & Gholami, M. (2017). Legal review of the increase in the
phenomenon of fine dust in Iran and neighboring countries (with an emphasis on Iraq),
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perspective of water resources, geography and human relations, 3(4), 44-56. (in persian)
Kalantari, J., & Hekmatara, H. (2020). Hydropolitical investigation of Turkish dam
constructions in Aras Basin, 9th National Conference on Rain Catchment Surface Systems,
Tabriz University. (in persian)
Karimi, B. (2012). Hydropolitics of Aras border river (conflict or cooperation), master's
thesis, political geography, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. (in persian)
Kazemi, A. (2021). GAP and DAP projects of Türkiye from the point of view of
international law and the mission of the media, International Media Research Journal, 7(1),
45-85. (in persian)
Kazemzadeh dolatabadi, A., & Shafiei, N. (2021). integrated management of water
resources and river basin; Case study: Ars-Kor water basin, Central Asia and Caucasus
Studies Quarterly, No. 114, 91-129. (in persian)
Kazemzadeh, A. (2022). Turkey's move to build a dam on the Ares River, Ilna, Stare Sobh
Online, Khobar code 388855. (in persian)
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dam- set- wash- away- past- despiteuncertain- future.
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International Law Perspective”, Max Planck Yearbook of United Nation Law, 16
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Routledge.www.odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook.
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Protocol in the European Union: Implementation, Compliance, Enforcement and Reform.
Review of European Community & International Environmental Law, 20(3), 267-276
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Aras River water pollution with emphasis on the border area of Armenia, Health and
Environment Research Center of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Water and Soil
Pollution Management and Protection Office of Environmental Protection Organization. (in
persian)
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neighbors and its future prospects, master's thesis of political science, Imam Sadeq
University. (in persian)
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counterinsurgency, and conflict”, Course “Food Security in International Politics: The
Middle East and Africa”, sciences po, kumait program.
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the huge GAP project in Turkey and its effects on the Tigris and Euphrates basin, Jahan
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(in persian)
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environmental law, legal studies, 10(4), 219-261. (in persian)
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under the influence of Kamal Khan dam operation using the capacity of international
conventions, Master's thesis, Tarbiat Modares University, Faculty of Agriculture. (in
persian)
Araghchi, A. (2014). Water diplomacy, from conflict to cooperation, World Politics
Quarterly, 3(4), 91-119. (in persian)
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Geographical Organization of the Armed Forces. First Edition. Tehran ا(in persian)
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and Publications of the Heritage of Nations, Tehran ا(in persian)
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Perspective on the Major Rationales of GAP, Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies,
21(5), 532-552
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international watercourse management. NYU Envtl. LJ, 12, 169
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and its impact on economic, cultural and social rights, Submission to the UN Committee on
Economic, Social and Cultural Rights for its 46 th Session", (2- 20 May 2011).
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Political Society, Political and International Research Quarterly, No, 9. (in persian)
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Watercourses for Purposes other than Navigation, available at:
https://www.hlrn.org/img/documents/Declaration%20Madrid%201911.pdf
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Context, Available at: https: //treaties.un.org/doc/Treaties/1991/02/19910225%2008-
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international human rights system, Quarterly Journal of Comparative Islamic and Western
Laws, 4(1). (in persian)
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Islamic World Institute of Future Studies, 68. (in persian)
Fatahi, H. (2007). Examining the principle of non-discrimination regarding ethnic
minorities in international covenants of civil and political rights, Master's thesis, University
of Tehran. (in persian)
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https://www.haberturk.com/son-dakika-haberler-karakurt-barajinda-mezarlik-ve-tapu-
tartismasi-2662755.
Haji parvaneh, I. (2021). ISNA's full report of the meeting of the environmental faction on
the process of building dams by the neighbors, Iran Students News Agency "ISNA", news
code: 1400090704967, Sunday, December 7. (in persian)
Halabian, A. H., & Shabankari, M. (2016). Investigating the process of temporal-spatial
changes of Mesopotamia wetlands and factors affecting it, Human and Environment
Quarterly, No. 94, 9-23. (in persian)
Heidarzadeh, T.; Jamali, H. R, & Gholami, M. (2017). Legal review of the increase in the
phenomenon of fine dust in Iran and neighboring countries (with an emphasis on Iraq),
Political and International Research Quarterly, 8(23), 35-61. (in persian)
Hekmatara, H. (2022). Water disputes between Iran and Turkey in the Aras basin and how
to manage them, Institute of Iran and Eurasia Studies, 3 Mehr, short link:
https://www.iras.ir/?p=6432. (in persian)
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the Waters of International Rivers, available at:
https://www.internationalwaterlaw.org/documents/intldocs/ILA/ILA-HelsinkiRules1966-
as_amended.pdf
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https://www.enerjiatlasi.com/akarsular/aras-nehri.html.
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perspective of water resources, geography and human relations, 3(4), 44-56. (in persian)
Kalantari, J., & Hekmatara, H. (2020). Hydropolitical investigation of Turkish dam
constructions in Aras Basin, 9th National Conference on Rain Catchment Surface Systems,
Tabriz University. (in persian)
Karimi, B. (2012). Hydropolitics of Aras border river (conflict or cooperation), master's
thesis, political geography, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. (in persian)
Kazemi, A. (2021). GAP and DAP projects of Türkiye from the point of view of
international law and the mission of the media, International Media Research Journal, 7(1),
45-85. (in persian)
Kazemzadeh dolatabadi, A., & Shafiei, N. (2021). integrated management of water
resources and river basin; Case study: Ars-Kor water basin, Central Asia and Caucasus
Studies Quarterly, No. 114, 91-129. (in persian)
Kazemzadeh, A. (2022). Turkey's move to build a dam on the Ares River, Ilna, Stare Sobh
Online, Khobar code 388855. (in persian)
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dam- set- wash- away- past- despiteuncertain- future.
Kirschner, Adele J. & Tiroch Katrin. (2012). The Waters of Euphrates and Tigris: An
International Law Perspective”, Max Planck Yearbook of United Nation Law, 16
Kliot, N. (2005). Water Resources and Conflict in the Middle East London:
Routledge.www.odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook.
Marsden, S. (2011). The Espoo Convention and Strategic Environmental Assessment
Protocol in the European Union: Implementation, Compliance, Enforcement and Reform.
Review of European Community & International Environmental Law, 20(3), 267-276
Masafari, M. (2020). Research project of documenting health-environmental damages of
Aras River water pollution with emphasis on the border area of Armenia, Health and
Environment Research Center of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Water and Soil
Pollution Management and Protection Office of Environmental Protection Organization. (in
persian)
Masrour, M. (2017). Political dimensions of water issues (hydropolitics) of Iran and its
neighbors and its future prospects, master's thesis of political science, Imam Sadeq
University. (in persian)
Meijer, Laura. (2018). The Southeastern Anatolia Project (GAP): water,
counterinsurgency, and conflict”, Course “Food Security in International Politics: The
Middle East and Africa”, sciences po, kumait program.
Mergen, L. (2022). Iran's Farewell to Aras / How does Turkey's DAP project silently dry
up Iran's water resources? Chosen Analytical News Database, Khobar code 673478.
https://www.entekhab.ir/002pCY. (in persian)
Mianabadi, H. (2022). Goodbye Aras; Erdogan's DAP program, changing the identity of
Turkish Kurds and creating a problem in the country's drinking water, Aftab analysis news
site, Khobar code 673478. http://www.ensafnews.com/343031. (in persian)
Mianabadi, H., & Amini, A. (2019). Complexity of water, politics, and environment in the
euphrates and tigris river basins. Geopolitics 15(54), 54-86. (In Persian)
Mohammadi, A. (2016). Dam construction in Türkiye, desertification in Iraq; A look at
the huge GAP project in Turkey and its effects on the Tigris and Euphrates basin, Jahan
Sabz Monthly, No. 4 and 5. (in persian)
Mohammadi, A. (2019). The effect of unsustainable dam construction in Turkey on Iran.
Economy News, news code: 299703. https://www.eghtesadnews.com/fa/tiny/news-299703.
(in persian)
Navari, A. (2018). The construction and commissioning of the Ilisu Dam in Turkey and the
phenomenon of particulate matter in Iran: the priority of principles related to international
environmental law, legal studies, 10(4), 219-261. (in persian)
New York Convention. (1997). Convention on the Law of the Non-navigational Uses of
International Watercourses, available at:
https://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/conventions/8_3_1997.pdf
Nikroshrostami, M. (2020). The rights of ethnic-religious minorities in international
human rights documents, human rights research paper, fifth year, 4(19), 13-59. (in persian)
Ozkar. (2015). Gap, Kop, Dap Ve Tragep İle 10,8 Milyar Dolar Katlı Sağlanacak (With
Gap, Kop, Dap and Tragep 10.8 billion Dollars Will Be Provided).
www.kamugundemi.com. Available.
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Porfashmi, A., & Arghand, B. (2017). International Environmental Law, second edition,
Dadgstar Publications, Tehran. (in persian)
Porfashmi, S. A., & Maryam elsadat, M. (2011). The international responsibility of
governments in environmental law, encyclopedia of law and politics, 7(15), 75-92. (in
persian)
Qarehgozlou, M. (2017). Iran holds Turkey partly accountable for dust storms; Turkey
denies, Available at: https://www.tehrantimes.com/ news/414799/Iran-holds-Turkey-partly-
accountable-for-dust-stormsTurkey.
Qureshi, S. Z.; Mianabadi. H., & Hajiani, E. (2020). Analyzing the dimensions of the
hydraulic mission in Turkish hydropolitics, Iran's water resources research, 16(1). (in
persian)
Ramadan, H. (2020). Aras, Missing from the Karabakh war, Iranian diplomacy, 19
Bahman, news code 1999779. (in persian)
Ramzani qawamabadi, M. H., & Zare, A. (2021). Environmental disputes of the Tigris and
Euphrates watershed countries regarding the Turkish government's dam construction from
the perspective of international law, Social Sciences Quarterly, 19(1), 197-218. (in persian)
Rashidnejad, A.; Kavianirad, M., & Motaghi dastanai, A. (2020). The ratio of national
convergence with the hydropolitical approach: a case study of dam construction projects in
the east of Turkey, Journal of Ethnic Social Studies, 1(1), 303-325. (in persian)
Rezaei, A., & Jalalian, A. (2018). Turkey's international responsibility from the
implementation of the GAP project with a review of international environmental law, Law
Studies, No. 28, 159-186. (in persian)
Rezaimiahinejad, S. (2019). Examining the works of GAP project on the environment of
peripheral countries from the point of view of international environmental law, master's
thesis in the field of law, Payam Noor University, Dezful. (in persian)
Salman, M. A. (2007). The Helsinki Rules, the UN Watercourses Convention and the
Berlin Rules: Perspectives on International Water Law, International Journal of Water
Resources Development, 23(4), 625-640. (In Persian)
Shirzad, H. (2022). Türkiye seeks regional hydropolitic hegemony, Analytical News
Society A, July 29. (in persian)
Taghizadeh ansari, M. (2014). International Environmental Law, Khorsandi, first edition,
Tehran. (in persian)
Tahidi, A. R., & Kikhosravi, M. (2019). Treaty gap: the need to delve into the international
obligations of governments in the process of building dams from the perspective of
international law, International Legal Journal, No. 61, 385-412. (in persian)
Tsakalidou, Ilektra. (2013). The Great Anatolian Project: Is Water Management a Panacea
or Crisis Multiplier for Turkey's Kurds? Available at: https://css.ethz.ch/en/services/digital-
library/articles/article.html/167922
UN –Water (2012). Status Report on the Application of Integrated Approaches to Water
Resources Management, Available at:
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