Document Type : Original Article
Authors
university of Guilan
Abstract
After a long period of diplomatic tension between Russia and Ukraine, these two countries entered into a direct military conflict at the end of February 2022. This conflict has changed a wide field of international politics to a large extent. America is seeking to expand the borders of NATO towards the western borders of Russia in order to tighten the encirclement ring of this country, this issue has caused great tension in Eastern Europe. The purpose of this article is to investigate the influential variables in the adoption of policies of the Biden government towards the 2022 war between Russia and Ukraine. Therefore, it seeks to find the answer to the question of what factors influenced the American foreign policy in response to Russia's attack on Ukraine and how can it be explained? The findings of the research show that the behavior of the American foreign policy is a mixture of which the teachings of neoclassical realism in the behavior of the American foreign policy are a mixture of the interaction of external factors (international system) and internal factors (internal structure and power and the type of perception of the decision-making elites of the American foreign policy) and it can be explained from the point of view of the neoclassical realism approach. The present research method is descriptive and analytical, using library resources and websites.
Keywords
Afshar, Sanaz; Barzegar, Kayhan (2017) Neoclassical realism and American foreign policy;
A theoretical analysis on understanding the foreign policy of the United States, Quarterly
Journal of Political and International Approaches, pp. 42-71 (In Persian).
Alcaro, R. (2022). The Return of US Leadership in Europe: Biden and the Russia
Crisis. IAI Commentaries, (22).
Amir Ahmadian, Bahram (2005), Ukrainian developments or the Orange Revolution,
Central Asia and Caucasus Studies, No. 49, pp. 49-70 (In Persian).
Al Jazeera Research Center, (2022), translated by Hamidreza Akbari, February 22,
available at: https://studies.aljazeera.net/ar/article/5270 (In Persian).
Asadi, Ali-Akbar, (2009), Realism and competing approaches to foreign policy, Strategy
Magazine, No. 56 (In Persian).
Azami, Hadi, Nazari, Mohammad; Hosseini; Seyed Ali (2017) Geopolitical competition
between Russia and America in Ukraine (2004-2017), Iranian Journal of International
Politics, year 6, number 2, pp. 21-52 (In Persian).
Belkin, P. (2022). Russia’s War on Ukraine: U.S. Policy and the Role of Congress.
https://crsreports.congress.gov | IF12277 · VERSION 3 · NEW.
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https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/31/opinion/biden-ukraine-strategy.htm
Biden, J. (2020c). Why America Must Lead Again. In Foreign Affairs Magazine, 2020.
Joe Biden: Why America Must Lead Again (foreignaffairs.com)
Brzezinski, Gignot (2006) After the fall, the final game in the unipolar world, translated
by Amirhossein Tavakoli, Tehran: Sabzan Publications (In Persian).
Brzezinski, Z. (2016). The grand chessboard: American primacy and its geostrategic
imperatives. Basic books.
Dersan, D, 2012, “ Response to the international challenge: A neoclassical realist analysis
of Syrian foreign policy, 1990-2005” , PH.D Thesis, Department of international relation,
Middle East Technical University.
Donnelly, J. (2000). Realism and International Relations. Cambridge.Cambridge
University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511612510
Esfahani, Alireza; Farahmand, Sarah (2022), Russia-Ukraine war and the future of
international order, Central Asia and Caucasus Studies Quarterly, year 28, number 118,
pp. 88-113 (In Persian).
Immelman, A., & Griebie, A. M. (2020). The personality profile and leadership style of US
president Donald J. Trump in office.
Jervis, R. (1976). Perception and Misperception in International Politics, Princeton:
Princeton University Press.
Keremzadi, Muslim; Khansari Fard, Fahima (2014), investigation of Ukraine-Russia
relations: finding the roots of the 2014 crisis, Central Asia and Caucasus Studies
Quarterly, No. 86 (In Persian).
Kirby, P. (2022). Why is Russia invading Ukraine and what does Putin want?. BBC News.
Retrieved, 9.
Karimipour, Davood, Niakooee, Seyed Amir and Reza Simbar (2017), The role of
energy diplomacy to foreign policy: A comparative study of Russia and Qatar. PoliticaStrategic Studies. Vol6. Issue 22. Pp177-205(In Persian).
KITCHEN, N. (2010). Systemic pressures and domestic ideas: A neoclassical realist model
of grand strategy formation. Review of International Studies, 36(1), 117-143.
doi:10.1017/S0260210509990532
Kunz, B. (2007). Power, Vision and Order in World Politics: A Neoclassical Realist View.
In paper to be presented at the NISA-Conference. Odense. University of Southern Denmark
(pp. 1-28).
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agenda for the 1990s. Legislative Studies Quarterly, 417-449.
Lindsay, J. M. (1992). Congress and foreign policy: Why the Hill matters. Political Science
Quarterly, 107(4), 607-628. http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp
Lobell, S. E., Ripsman, N. M., Taliaferro, J. W., & Taliaferro, J. W. (Eds.).
(2009). Neoclassical realism, the state, and foreign policy. Cambridge University Press.
Maio, G. D. (2016). Russia’s View of Ukraine after the Crisis. Instituo Affari
Internazionali. Working Papers.16, (4). https://www.iai.it/en/pubblicazioni/russias-view-
ukraine-after-crisis
Masoudi, Heydar Ali, (2020), Joe Biden and operational codes in the field of foreign
policy, Scientific Quarterly of Political and International Approaches, No. Shapa 739-
1735, Volume 12, Number (64 consecutive), Winter (In Persian).
Mearsheimer, J. J., & Alterman, G. (2001). The tragedy of great power politics. WW
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https://is.cuni.cz/studium/predmety/index.php?do=download&did=216573&kod=JPM755
Mearsheimer, J.J. (2014). why, the Ukraine Crisis is the West’s Fault: The Liberal
Delusions That Provoked Putin. Foreign Affairs, 93, (5) 77- 89.
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from: https://www.eui.eu/news-hub?id=john-mearsheimers-lectureon-the-causes-and-
consequences-of-the-ukraine-war
Moshirzadeh, Hamira (2018), Theoretical foundations of foreign policy explanation and
analysis: Tehran: Samit Publications (In Persian).
Moshirzadeh, Hamira (2017), Pathology of foreign policy: theoretical foundations,
scientific-research quarterly of public policy, volume 3, number 1, pp. 27-9 (In Persian).
Mousavi, Seyyed Mohammad Ali, Kodkhodaei, Elham, Shafiei Sarostani, Fatemeh (2019),
Modeling the decision-making process in the foreign policy of the United States, Foreign
Relations Quarterly, 3rd year, 2nd issue, pp. 7-38 (In Persian).
Nuts, conductor; Ahar, Leila (2014), The role of the economic interests of Russia and the
European Union in the Ukraine crisis (2014), Political-Economic Monthly, No. 298 (In
Persian).
Nygren, B. (2012). Using the neo-classical realism paradigm to predict Russian foreign
policy behaviour as a complement to using resources. International Politics, 49(4), 517-529.
Oleksiy, Paul (2022). Russin-Ukraine 2022 War surge, Questions And Answers To All You
Need To Know About The Ongoing War Between Russia And Ukraine.
Ripley, R. B., & Lindsay, J. M. (Eds.). (1993). Congress resurgent: foreign and defense
policy on Capitol Hill (Vol. 6). University of Michigan Press.
Rockman, B. A. (1994). "Presidents, Opinion, and Institutional Leadership." In The New Politics of American Foreign Policy, ed. David Deese. New York, NY: St. Martin's Press.
Rostami, Mohsen; Zinli Badi (2021), examining the strategic importance of Ukraine for
Europe and America, Quarterly Journal of Political Science, second year, number 4, pp.
128-148 (In Persian).
Safari, Asgar; trust; Saeed (2016) Geopolitics of Ukraine and its role in the competition
between Russia and the United States, International Political Research Quarterly of
Shahreza Azad University, No. 26, pp. 109-136 (In Persian).
Samii Esfahani, Alireza; Farahmand, Sarah (2022), explaining why and how the war
between Russia and Ukraine was formed based on the "balance of threat" theory,
International Relations Research Quarterly, Volume 12, Number 3, Serial Number 46, pp.
101-129 (In Persian).
Schmidt, B. C. (2005). Competing realist conceptions of power. Millennium, 33(3), 523-
549.
Smith, t. (2000). Foreign attachments: the power of ethnic groups in the making of
American foreign policy, Harvard university press.
Snyder, Richard, Brooke, H. and Spin, Burton (2009), Decision Making in Foreign Policy,
translated by Mohammad Jaafar Javadi Arjamand, Tehran: Mizan (In Persian).
Tasnim news agency (2022), America imposed new sanctions against Russia. Available at
https://www.tasnimnews.com/fa/news/2022/10/09/2782154/ (In Persian).
Tower, J. G. (1981). Congress Versus the President: The Formulation and Implementation
of American Foreign Policy. Foreign Affairs, 60(2), 229-246
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp
Valizadeh, Akbar; Shirazi Mugoi, Simin; Azizi, Hamidreza (2015), The impact of the 2014
Ukraine crisis on the relations between Russia and the United States, Central Eurasian
Studies, Volume 8, Number 1, pp. 171-149 (In Persian).
Welt, C. (2021). Ukraine: Background, Conflict with Russia, and US Policy.
Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R45008
Wieclawski, J. (2011). Contemporary realism and the foreign policy of the Russian
Federation. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2(1).
A theoretical analysis on understanding the foreign policy of the United States, Quarterly
Journal of Political and International Approaches, pp. 42-71 (In Persian).
Alcaro, R. (2022). The Return of US Leadership in Europe: Biden and the Russia
Crisis. IAI Commentaries, (22).
Amir Ahmadian, Bahram (2005), Ukrainian developments or the Orange Revolution,
Central Asia and Caucasus Studies, No. 49, pp. 49-70 (In Persian).
Al Jazeera Research Center, (2022), translated by Hamidreza Akbari, February 22,
available at: https://studies.aljazeera.net/ar/article/5270 (In Persian).
Asadi, Ali-Akbar, (2009), Realism and competing approaches to foreign policy, Strategy
Magazine, No. 56 (In Persian).
Azami, Hadi, Nazari, Mohammad; Hosseini; Seyed Ali (2017) Geopolitical competition
between Russia and America in Ukraine (2004-2017), Iranian Journal of International
Politics, year 6, number 2, pp. 21-52 (In Persian).
Belkin, P. (2022). Russia’s War on Ukraine: U.S. Policy and the Role of Congress.
https://crsreports.congress.gov | IF12277 · VERSION 3 · NEW.
Biden, J.(2022). President Biden: What Amereca Will and Will Not Do in Ukraine.
https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/31/opinion/biden-ukraine-strategy.htm
Biden, J. (2020c). Why America Must Lead Again. In Foreign Affairs Magazine, 2020.
Joe Biden: Why America Must Lead Again (foreignaffairs.com)
Brzezinski, Gignot (2006) After the fall, the final game in the unipolar world, translated
by Amirhossein Tavakoli, Tehran: Sabzan Publications (In Persian).
Brzezinski, Z. (2016). The grand chessboard: American primacy and its geostrategic
imperatives. Basic books.
Dersan, D, 2012, “ Response to the international challenge: A neoclassical realist analysis
of Syrian foreign policy, 1990-2005” , PH.D Thesis, Department of international relation,
Middle East Technical University.
Donnelly, J. (2000). Realism and International Relations. Cambridge.Cambridge
University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511612510
Esfahani, Alireza; Farahmand, Sarah (2022), Russia-Ukraine war and the future of
international order, Central Asia and Caucasus Studies Quarterly, year 28, number 118,
pp. 88-113 (In Persian).
Immelman, A., & Griebie, A. M. (2020). The personality profile and leadership style of US
president Donald J. Trump in office.
Jervis, R. (1976). Perception and Misperception in International Politics, Princeton:
Princeton University Press.
Keremzadi, Muslim; Khansari Fard, Fahima (2014), investigation of Ukraine-Russia
relations: finding the roots of the 2014 crisis, Central Asia and Caucasus Studies
Quarterly, No. 86 (In Persian).
Kirby, P. (2022). Why is Russia invading Ukraine and what does Putin want?. BBC News.
Retrieved, 9.
Karimipour, Davood, Niakooee, Seyed Amir and Reza Simbar (2017), The role of
energy diplomacy to foreign policy: A comparative study of Russia and Qatar. PoliticaStrategic Studies. Vol6. Issue 22. Pp177-205(In Persian).
KITCHEN, N. (2010). Systemic pressures and domestic ideas: A neoclassical realist model
of grand strategy formation. Review of International Studies, 36(1), 117-143.
doi:10.1017/S0260210509990532
Kunz, B. (2007). Power, Vision and Order in World Politics: A Neoclassical Realist View.
In paper to be presented at the NISA-Conference. Odense. University of Southern Denmark
(pp. 1-28).
Lindsay, J. M., & Ripley, R. B. (1992). Foreign and defense policy in Congress: A research
agenda for the 1990s. Legislative Studies Quarterly, 417-449.
Lindsay, J. M. (1992). Congress and foreign policy: Why the Hill matters. Political Science
Quarterly, 107(4), 607-628. http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp
Lobell, S. E., Ripsman, N. M., Taliaferro, J. W., & Taliaferro, J. W. (Eds.).
(2009). Neoclassical realism, the state, and foreign policy. Cambridge University Press.
Maio, G. D. (2016). Russia’s View of Ukraine after the Crisis. Instituo Affari
Internazionali. Working Papers.16, (4). https://www.iai.it/en/pubblicazioni/russias-view-
ukraine-after-crisis
Masoudi, Heydar Ali, (2020), Joe Biden and operational codes in the field of foreign
policy, Scientific Quarterly of Political and International Approaches, No. Shapa 739-
1735, Volume 12, Number (64 consecutive), Winter (In Persian).
Mearsheimer, J. J., & Alterman, G. (2001). The tragedy of great power politics. WW
Norton & Company.
https://is.cuni.cz/studium/predmety/index.php?do=download&did=216573&kod=JPM755
Mearsheimer, J.J. (2014). why, the Ukraine Crisis is the West’s Fault: The Liberal
Delusions That Provoked Putin. Foreign Affairs, 93, (5) 77- 89.
Mearsheimer, J. (2022). On the causes and consequences of the Ukraine war Retrieved
from: https://www.eui.eu/news-hub?id=john-mearsheimers-lectureon-the-causes-and-
consequences-of-the-ukraine-war
Moshirzadeh, Hamira (2018), Theoretical foundations of foreign policy explanation and
analysis: Tehran: Samit Publications (In Persian).
Moshirzadeh, Hamira (2017), Pathology of foreign policy: theoretical foundations,
scientific-research quarterly of public policy, volume 3, number 1, pp. 27-9 (In Persian).
Mousavi, Seyyed Mohammad Ali, Kodkhodaei, Elham, Shafiei Sarostani, Fatemeh (2019),
Modeling the decision-making process in the foreign policy of the United States, Foreign
Relations Quarterly, 3rd year, 2nd issue, pp. 7-38 (In Persian).
Nuts, conductor; Ahar, Leila (2014), The role of the economic interests of Russia and the
European Union in the Ukraine crisis (2014), Political-Economic Monthly, No. 298 (In
Persian).
Nygren, B. (2012). Using the neo-classical realism paradigm to predict Russian foreign
policy behaviour as a complement to using resources. International Politics, 49(4), 517-529.
Oleksiy, Paul (2022). Russin-Ukraine 2022 War surge, Questions And Answers To All You
Need To Know About The Ongoing War Between Russia And Ukraine.
Ripley, R. B., & Lindsay, J. M. (Eds.). (1993). Congress resurgent: foreign and defense
policy on Capitol Hill (Vol. 6). University of Michigan Press.
Rockman, B. A. (1994). "Presidents, Opinion, and Institutional Leadership." In The New Politics of American Foreign Policy, ed. David Deese. New York, NY: St. Martin's Press.
Rostami, Mohsen; Zinli Badi (2021), examining the strategic importance of Ukraine for
Europe and America, Quarterly Journal of Political Science, second year, number 4, pp.
128-148 (In Persian).
Safari, Asgar; trust; Saeed (2016) Geopolitics of Ukraine and its role in the competition
between Russia and the United States, International Political Research Quarterly of
Shahreza Azad University, No. 26, pp. 109-136 (In Persian).
Samii Esfahani, Alireza; Farahmand, Sarah (2022), explaining why and how the war
between Russia and Ukraine was formed based on the "balance of threat" theory,
International Relations Research Quarterly, Volume 12, Number 3, Serial Number 46, pp.
101-129 (In Persian).
Schmidt, B. C. (2005). Competing realist conceptions of power. Millennium, 33(3), 523-
549.
Smith, t. (2000). Foreign attachments: the power of ethnic groups in the making of
American foreign policy, Harvard university press.
Snyder, Richard, Brooke, H. and Spin, Burton (2009), Decision Making in Foreign Policy,
translated by Mohammad Jaafar Javadi Arjamand, Tehran: Mizan (In Persian).
Tasnim news agency (2022), America imposed new sanctions against Russia. Available at
https://www.tasnimnews.com/fa/news/2022/10/09/2782154/ (In Persian).
Tower, J. G. (1981). Congress Versus the President: The Formulation and Implementation
of American Foreign Policy. Foreign Affairs, 60(2), 229-246
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp
Valizadeh, Akbar; Shirazi Mugoi, Simin; Azizi, Hamidreza (2015), The impact of the 2014
Ukraine crisis on the relations between Russia and the United States, Central Eurasian
Studies, Volume 8, Number 1, pp. 171-149 (In Persian).
Welt, C. (2021). Ukraine: Background, Conflict with Russia, and US Policy.
Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R45008
Wieclawski, J. (2011). Contemporary realism and the foreign policy of the Russian
Federation. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2(1).
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