Document Type : Original Article
Author
Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yasouj University
Abstract
Settled Communities in the Middle East have historically been at loggerheads over water resources. Therefore, controlling and diversifying the ways of exploiting these resources has always been one of the pillars of states policy-makings in this region. For this reason, after the Second World War, modern dam-building, as the most important new way of exploiting water, has attracted the attention of these states, including Iran and Iraq, and has become one of the most important development programs of them. The growing attention to this policy has led to the formation of disputes between two countries. In this article, we intend to answer the key question: what are the threats of dam building policies in Iran and Iraq? And these threats has led (or will lead) to what diplomatic disputes and cooperations in the field of dam diplomacy between them? To answer these questions, we will first propose a special theoretical framework for dam diplomacy. Then we will deal with the dam-building policies and data related to the dams of Iran and its neighboring countries. In the following, we will say that these policies and dams have led (or will lead) to formation of what diplomatic threats, conflicts and cooperations between Iran and Iraq as one of these countries. Here, our approach has been based on the green theory of international relations and according to the subject, we have used exploratory, documentary based and conceptual-rational modeling methods.
Keywords
Abrams, R. H. (2018). Legal Control of Water Resources Cases and Materials. West
Academic.
Al-Torfi, M. (2021). Will Iraq's Efforts to Establish a Dam on the Shatt al-Arab Succeed?.
Available at: https://www.independentarabia.com/node/246326. (in Arabic).
AQUASTAT, FAO. (2021). Aquastat.
Arabic Sputnik (2021, 24 July). Iraq announced that it intends to discuss a Plan to Build a Joint Dam on the Shatt al-Arab with Iran to Solve the Problem that Happens Every Year.
Available at: https://sptnkne.ws/GR56. (in Arabic).
Brautigam, D., Hwang, J. & &Wang, L. (2015). Chinese-Financed Hydropower Projects in
Sub-Saharan Africa. Policy Brief. The SAIS China Africa Research Initiative.
Brown, J. Guthrie, & Jackson, Donald C. (2021). Dam. Encyclopedia Britannica. Accessed
7 July 2021. Available at: https://www.britannica.com/technology/dam-engineering.
CNN Arabic (2021, 11 July). Iraq: We Fid not Teceive a Tesponse from Iran and Turkey
Regarding Water Sharing. Available at: https://arabic.cnn.com/middle-
east/article/2021/07/11/iraq-iran-turkey-water. (in Arabic).
Deng, K., Yang, S. Lian, E., Li, C., Yang, C. & Wei, H. (2016). Three Gorges Dam Alters
the Chengjiang (Yangtze) River Water Cycle in the Dry Seasons: Evidence from HO
Isotopes. Science of the Total Environment, 562, 89-97.
Economic Affairs and Finance Ministry of Iran. (1932). Mapping Iraqi engineers to build a
dam behind the Iran-Iraq border. [National Library and Archives of I. R. Iran, document no:
240/3081]. [In Persian]
Economic Affairs and Finance Ministry of Iran. (1946a). The Construction of a New Dam
by Iraqi agents on Konjan-Cham River to Irrigating Lands. [National Library and Archives
of I. R. Iran, Document no: 240/30609]. [In Persian].
Economic Affairs and Finance Ministry of Iran. (1946b). The Protest against the
Construction of a Dam by Iraqi agents on Konjan-Cham River; Assignment of land Located
in [National Library and Archives of I. R. Iran, Document no: 240/17183]. [in Persian].
Energy Ministry of Iran. (1955). Report of the Consulate General of Iran State in Baghdad
on the Migration of border Tribes to Iraq. [National Library and Archives of I. R. Iran,
document no: 370/11517]. [in Persian].
Energy Ministry of Iran. (1956a). Consideration of the Iraqi Government's Request for the
Construction of a Dam in Darbandikhan [Correspondences Collection]. [National Library
and Archives of I. R. Iran, Document no: 370/11512]. [in Persian]
Energy Ministry of Iran. (1956b). Correspondences Related to Dam-Building and use of
Transboundary Rivers and Qanats... [Correspondences Collection]. [National Library and
Archives of I. R. Iran, Document no: 370/11515]. [in Persian].
Energy Ministry of Iran. (1958). Construction of a Dam in the Sheeler Area by Iraqi
officials... [Correspondences Collection]. [National Library and Archives of I. R. Iran,
document no: 370/11509]. [in Persian].
Energy Ministry of Iran. (1958-1961). Independent Irrigation Company Studies about Iran-
Iraq transboundary Rivers. [National Library and Archives of I. R. Iran, document no:
310/6056]. [in Persian]
Energy Ministry of Iran. (1958-1966). Assignment of Agricultural Lands to Army Retirees
in Khuzestan... [Correspondences Collection]. [National Library and Archives of I. R. Iran,
Document No: 370/140]. [in Persian].
Energy Ministry of Iran (1959). Iran’s Embassy Report in Baghdad on an Investigation
about Iraq's Dam-Building and Irrigation Projects. [National Library and Archives of I. R.
Iran, document No: 370/11508]. [in Persian].
Energy Ministry of Iran. (1959-1962). Investigation of Issues Related to Darbandikhan
Dam in Iraq and Damages to Iranian Farmlands along the Dam. [National Library and
Archives of I. R. Iran, Document No: 370/9807]. [in Persian]
Energy Ministry of Iran. (1960-1961). Establishment of Various Commissions in Baghdad to Negotiate about... [Correspondences Collection]. [National Library and Archives of I. R.
Iran. Document No: 370/11502]. [in Persian]
Energy Ministry of Iran. (1961-1968). Correspondences between Various Ministries and
Organizations Regarding the Darbandikhan Dam in Iraq [Correspondences Collection].
[National Library and Archives of I. R. Iran, Document No: 320/45237]. [in Persian].
Energy Ministry of Iran. (1962-1964). Correspondences Regarding the Exploitation of
Sirvan River in Darbandikhan Village, on the Iran-Iraq Border, and the Dispatched
Delegation’s Report on the Dam. [National Library and Archives of I. R. Iran, Document
No: 310/9808]. [in Persian].
Energy Ministry of Iran. (1963-1964). Cabinet Decree Regarding the Granting of Credits ...
[Correspondences Collection]. [National Library and Archives of I. R. Iran, document no:
370/92812]. [in Persian].
Energy Ministry of Iran. (1965-1967). Construction of a Dam on the Euphrates River
[Correspondences Collection]. [National Library and Archives of I. R. Iran, document no:
370/6267]. [in Persian].
Energy Ministry of Iran. (1966). Impact of Keban dam in Turkey and Iraq and Syria
Reservoir Dams on the Arvand River... [Correspondences Collection]. [National Library
and Archives of I. R. Iran, Document no: 370/10518]. [in Persian].
Energy Ministry of Iran. (1968-1972). Damages Caused by the Construction of Roodkhan
and Darbandikhan Dams in Iran [Correspondences Collection]. [National Library and
Archives of I. R. Iran, Document No: 370/2678]. [in Persian].
Energy Ministry of Iran. (1975-1977). Minutes and Negotiations of the Iranian and Iraqi
Delegations... [Correspondences Collection]. [National Library and Archives of I. R. Iran,
Document No: 370/1752]. [in Persian].
Energy Ministry of Iran. (1977-1981). Investigating the Transboundary River Issues
between Iran and Iraq [Correspondences Collection]. [National Library and Archives of I.
R. Iran, Document No: 370/1561]. [in Persian].
Fattahizadeh, A. (2022). A Conceptual Model for Rethinking on Hirmand-Hamoon Conflict
from the Perspective of Environmental Diplomacy. World Politics, 11(2), 39-71. DOI:
10.22124/wp.2020.17704.2611 [in Persian].
Frederiks, W. R. (2020). Transboundary Water Troubles in Africa: An Interdisciplinary
Case Study of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam and its Influence on the Nile Basin
(Bachelor's thesis).
Freeman, C. P. (2017). Dam Diplomacy? China’s New Neighborhood Policy and Chinese
Dam-Building Companies. Water International, 42(2), 187-206.
Grech-Madin, C., Döring, S., Kim, K. & Swain, A. (2018). Negotiating Water Across
Levels: a Peace and Conflict Toolbox for Water Diplomacy. Journal of Hydrology, 559,
100-109.
Hashemi Rafsanjani, A. (2002). Peace and Challenge; Biography and Memoirs of Hashemi
Rafsanjani. Tehran: Daftare Nashre Maarefe Enghelab. [in Persian].
Hashemi Rafsanjani, A. (2007). Crossing the Crisis; Biography and Memoirs of Hashemi
Rafsanjani. Tehran: Daftare Nashre Maarefe Enghelab. [in Persian].
Hashemi Rafsanjani, A. (2008). Hope and Concern; Biography and Memoirs of Hashemi
Rafsanjani. Tehran: Daftare Nashre Maarefe Enghelab. [in Persian]
Hashemi Rafsanjani, A. (2010). Defense and Politics; Biography and Memoirs of Hashemi Rafsanjani. Tehran: Daftare Nashre Maarefe Enghelab. [in Persian]
Hefny, M. A. (2011). Water Diplomacy: A Tool for Enhancing Water Peace and
Sustainability in the Arab Region. in Cairo: Second Arab Water Forum.
Huntjens, P., Yasuda, Y., Swain, A., de Man, R., Magsig, B. O. & Islam, S. (2016). The
Multi-Track Water Diplomacy Framework: A Legal and Political Economy Analysis for
Advancing Cooperation over Shared Waters. The Hague Institute for Global Justice.
Accessed 1 July 2021: https://yun.ir/tghxv7.
ICOLD (2021a). General synthesis. Accessed 5 July 2021. Available at: https://www.icold-
cigb.org/article/GB/world_register/general_synthesis/general-synthesis.
ICOLD (2021b). Number of Dams by Country. Accessed 5 July 2021. Available at:
https://www.icold-cigb.org/article/GB/world_register/general_synthesis/number-of-dams-
by-country-members.
ICOLD (2021c) Why do We Need Dams?. Accessed 5 July 2021 at: https://www.icold-
cigb.org/GB/dams/role_of_dams.asp.
Interior Ministry of Iran. (1953). The Act of Iraq state to Dig a Canal from Shatt al-Arab to
Kuwait and Building a Dam. [National Library and Archives of I. R. Iran, Document No:
293/3905]. [in Persian].
Interior Ministry of Iran. (1953-1954). Establishment of Najma Dam on the Great Zab
River by the Iraqi Government. [National Library and Archives of I. R. Iran, Document No:
293/6329]. [in Persian].
International Rivers (2012, November 26). The New Great Walls: A Guide to China’s
Overseas Dam Industry. Available at: http://www.internationalrivers.org/resources
/the-new-greatwalls-a-guide-to-china%E2%80%99s-overseas-dam-industry-3962.
Iran Water Resources Management Company (Cartographer). (2021). Map of Iran’s Dams
Locations. [in Persian].
Iran-Iraq Agreement on the Use of Transboundary Rivers Waters. (1976). Available at:
https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/97442. [in Persian]
Jahad-Keshavarzi Ministry. (1984-1988). Construction of Dams and Transboundary Rivers
[Correspondences Collection]. [National Library and Archives of I. R. Iran, document No:
320/48511]. [in Persian].
Jahad-Sazandegi Ministry. (1983). Report on the Operation in Darbandikhan. Iraq.
[National Library and Archives of I. R. Iran, Document No: 320/45237]. [in Persian].
Law on the Establishment of the Ministry of Water and Electricity. (1964). Available at:
https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/95490. [in Persian]
Management and Planning Organization of Iran (1986). Crediting the Study of Gheshlagh
Dam.... [National Library and Archives of I. R. Iran, Document No: 220/12232]. [in
Persian].
Power-Technology (2019, May 28). China Continues to Build Much-Needed Power
Capacity in Africa. Accessed 3 March 2021. Available at: https://www.power-
technology.com/comment/chinese-investment-in-africa-2019/.
Presidential Administration of Iran (1957-1958). Report of the Iran’s Embassy on the
social, economic and urban situation in Iraq and Baghdad [National Library and Archives
of I. R. Iran, Document No: 230/30018]. [in Persian].
Ren, Z., Li, F., Tang, T., & Cai, Q. (2014). The Influences of Small Dam on
Macroinvertebrates Diversity and Temporal Stability in Stream Ecosystem. Fresenius Environ. Bull, 23(7), 1510-1518.
Schmeier, S. (2018, August). What is Water Diplomacy and Why Should You Care?. In
Global Water Forum (Vol. 31).
Sky News Arabia (2018a, 15 October). An Iraqi Minister Confirms that his Country has
been exposed to a Water Blockade by Iran. Available at:
https://www.skynewsarabia.com/middle-east/1191120. (in Arabic).
Sky News Arabia (2018b, 16 October). Iraq Reveals Iran's Plan for Drought with Pictures
and Documents. Available at: https://www.skynewsarabia.com/middle-east/1191240. (in
Arabic).
Tang, K. & Shen, Y. (2020). Do China-Financed Dams in sub-Saharan Africa Improve the
Region's Social Welfare? A Case Study of the Impacts of Ghana’s Bui Dam. Energy Policy,
136, 111062.
The Blue Peace (2021). Water Diplomacy and Mediation. Accessed 1 July 2021. Available
at: https://www.thebluepeace.org/water-diplomacy.
The Law Permitting the Implementation of the Twenty-Seven-Month Detailed Plan of
Management and Planning Organization until the End of the Year (1951). Available at:
https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/94302. [in Persian].
The Office of Prime Minister of Iran. (1940). Egyptian Al-Ahram Newspaper Reports on
Iraq and Egypt. [National Library and Archives of I. R. Iran, Document No: 310/12458]. [in
Persian].
The office of Prime Minister of Iran. (1944a). A Report on the Opening of the Iraqi State
Affairs Commission .... [National Library and Archives of I. R. Iran, Document No:
310/11232]. [in Persian].
The Office of Prime Minister of Iran. (1944b). A Report on the Construction of a Dam in
Iraq. [National Library and Archives of I. R. Iran, Document No: 310/11280]. [in Persian].
The office of Prime Minister of Iran. (No Date). Reports Submitted by the Iran’s Embassy
in Baghdad. [National Library and Archives of I. R. Iran, Document No: 320/45237]. [in
Persian].
Van Genderen, R., & Rood, J. (2011). Water Diplomacy: A Niche for the Netherlands.
Netherlands Institute of International Relations ‘Clingendael’, with the Netherlands
Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Water Governance Centre.
Wang, F., Maberly, S. C., Wang, B. & Liang, X. (2018). Effects of Dams on Riverine
Biogeochemical Cycling and Ecology. Inland Waters, 8(2), 130-140.
Watkins, L., McGrattan, S., Sullivan, P. J., & Walter, M. T. (2019). The Effect of Dams on
River Transport of Microplastic Pollution. Science of the Total Environment, 664, 834-840.
Wu, H., Chen, J., Xu, J., Zeng, G., Sang, L., Liu, Q., ... & Ye, S. (2019). Effects of Dam
Construction on Biodiversity: A Review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 221, 480-489.
Zafarnejad, F. (2009). The Contribution of Dams to Iran’s Desertification. International
Journal of Environmental Studies, 66(3), 327-341.
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Academic.
Al-Torfi, M. (2021). Will Iraq's Efforts to Establish a Dam on the Shatt al-Arab Succeed?.
Available at: https://www.independentarabia.com/node/246326. (in Arabic).
AQUASTAT, FAO. (2021). Aquastat.
Arabic Sputnik (2021, 24 July). Iraq announced that it intends to discuss a Plan to Build a Joint Dam on the Shatt al-Arab with Iran to Solve the Problem that Happens Every Year.
Available at: https://sptnkne.ws/GR56. (in Arabic).
Brautigam, D., Hwang, J. & &Wang, L. (2015). Chinese-Financed Hydropower Projects in
Sub-Saharan Africa. Policy Brief. The SAIS China Africa Research Initiative.
Brown, J. Guthrie, & Jackson, Donald C. (2021). Dam. Encyclopedia Britannica. Accessed
7 July 2021. Available at: https://www.britannica.com/technology/dam-engineering.
CNN Arabic (2021, 11 July). Iraq: We Fid not Teceive a Tesponse from Iran and Turkey
Regarding Water Sharing. Available at: https://arabic.cnn.com/middle-
east/article/2021/07/11/iraq-iran-turkey-water. (in Arabic).
Deng, K., Yang, S. Lian, E., Li, C., Yang, C. & Wei, H. (2016). Three Gorges Dam Alters
the Chengjiang (Yangtze) River Water Cycle in the Dry Seasons: Evidence from HO
Isotopes. Science of the Total Environment, 562, 89-97.
Economic Affairs and Finance Ministry of Iran. (1932). Mapping Iraqi engineers to build a
dam behind the Iran-Iraq border. [National Library and Archives of I. R. Iran, document no:
240/3081]. [In Persian]
Economic Affairs and Finance Ministry of Iran. (1946a). The Construction of a New Dam
by Iraqi agents on Konjan-Cham River to Irrigating Lands. [National Library and Archives
of I. R. Iran, Document no: 240/30609]. [In Persian].
Economic Affairs and Finance Ministry of Iran. (1946b). The Protest against the
Construction of a Dam by Iraqi agents on Konjan-Cham River; Assignment of land Located
in [National Library and Archives of I. R. Iran, Document no: 240/17183]. [in Persian].
Energy Ministry of Iran. (1955). Report of the Consulate General of Iran State in Baghdad
on the Migration of border Tribes to Iraq. [National Library and Archives of I. R. Iran,
document no: 370/11517]. [in Persian].
Energy Ministry of Iran. (1956a). Consideration of the Iraqi Government's Request for the
Construction of a Dam in Darbandikhan [Correspondences Collection]. [National Library
and Archives of I. R. Iran, Document no: 370/11512]. [in Persian]
Energy Ministry of Iran. (1956b). Correspondences Related to Dam-Building and use of
Transboundary Rivers and Qanats... [Correspondences Collection]. [National Library and
Archives of I. R. Iran, Document no: 370/11515]. [in Persian].
Energy Ministry of Iran. (1958). Construction of a Dam in the Sheeler Area by Iraqi
officials... [Correspondences Collection]. [National Library and Archives of I. R. Iran,
document no: 370/11509]. [in Persian].
Energy Ministry of Iran. (1958-1961). Independent Irrigation Company Studies about Iran-
Iraq transboundary Rivers. [National Library and Archives of I. R. Iran, document no:
310/6056]. [in Persian]
Energy Ministry of Iran. (1958-1966). Assignment of Agricultural Lands to Army Retirees
in Khuzestan... [Correspondences Collection]. [National Library and Archives of I. R. Iran,
Document No: 370/140]. [in Persian].
Energy Ministry of Iran (1959). Iran’s Embassy Report in Baghdad on an Investigation
about Iraq's Dam-Building and Irrigation Projects. [National Library and Archives of I. R.
Iran, document No: 370/11508]. [in Persian].
Energy Ministry of Iran. (1959-1962). Investigation of Issues Related to Darbandikhan
Dam in Iraq and Damages to Iranian Farmlands along the Dam. [National Library and
Archives of I. R. Iran, Document No: 370/9807]. [in Persian]
Energy Ministry of Iran. (1960-1961). Establishment of Various Commissions in Baghdad to Negotiate about... [Correspondences Collection]. [National Library and Archives of I. R.
Iran. Document No: 370/11502]. [in Persian]
Energy Ministry of Iran. (1961-1968). Correspondences between Various Ministries and
Organizations Regarding the Darbandikhan Dam in Iraq [Correspondences Collection].
[National Library and Archives of I. R. Iran, Document No: 320/45237]. [in Persian].
Energy Ministry of Iran. (1962-1964). Correspondences Regarding the Exploitation of
Sirvan River in Darbandikhan Village, on the Iran-Iraq Border, and the Dispatched
Delegation’s Report on the Dam. [National Library and Archives of I. R. Iran, Document
No: 310/9808]. [in Persian].
Energy Ministry of Iran. (1963-1964). Cabinet Decree Regarding the Granting of Credits ...
[Correspondences Collection]. [National Library and Archives of I. R. Iran, document no:
370/92812]. [in Persian].
Energy Ministry of Iran. (1965-1967). Construction of a Dam on the Euphrates River
[Correspondences Collection]. [National Library and Archives of I. R. Iran, document no:
370/6267]. [in Persian].
Energy Ministry of Iran. (1966). Impact of Keban dam in Turkey and Iraq and Syria
Reservoir Dams on the Arvand River... [Correspondences Collection]. [National Library
and Archives of I. R. Iran, Document no: 370/10518]. [in Persian].
Energy Ministry of Iran. (1968-1972). Damages Caused by the Construction of Roodkhan
and Darbandikhan Dams in Iran [Correspondences Collection]. [National Library and
Archives of I. R. Iran, Document No: 370/2678]. [in Persian].
Energy Ministry of Iran. (1975-1977). Minutes and Negotiations of the Iranian and Iraqi
Delegations... [Correspondences Collection]. [National Library and Archives of I. R. Iran,
Document No: 370/1752]. [in Persian].
Energy Ministry of Iran. (1977-1981). Investigating the Transboundary River Issues
between Iran and Iraq [Correspondences Collection]. [National Library and Archives of I.
R. Iran, Document No: 370/1561]. [in Persian].
Fattahizadeh, A. (2022). A Conceptual Model for Rethinking on Hirmand-Hamoon Conflict
from the Perspective of Environmental Diplomacy. World Politics, 11(2), 39-71. DOI:
10.22124/wp.2020.17704.2611 [in Persian].
Frederiks, W. R. (2020). Transboundary Water Troubles in Africa: An Interdisciplinary
Case Study of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam and its Influence on the Nile Basin
(Bachelor's thesis).
Freeman, C. P. (2017). Dam Diplomacy? China’s New Neighborhood Policy and Chinese
Dam-Building Companies. Water International, 42(2), 187-206.
Grech-Madin, C., Döring, S., Kim, K. & Swain, A. (2018). Negotiating Water Across
Levels: a Peace and Conflict Toolbox for Water Diplomacy. Journal of Hydrology, 559,
100-109.
Hashemi Rafsanjani, A. (2002). Peace and Challenge; Biography and Memoirs of Hashemi
Rafsanjani. Tehran: Daftare Nashre Maarefe Enghelab. [in Persian].
Hashemi Rafsanjani, A. (2007). Crossing the Crisis; Biography and Memoirs of Hashemi
Rafsanjani. Tehran: Daftare Nashre Maarefe Enghelab. [in Persian].
Hashemi Rafsanjani, A. (2008). Hope and Concern; Biography and Memoirs of Hashemi
Rafsanjani. Tehran: Daftare Nashre Maarefe Enghelab. [in Persian]
Hashemi Rafsanjani, A. (2010). Defense and Politics; Biography and Memoirs of Hashemi Rafsanjani. Tehran: Daftare Nashre Maarefe Enghelab. [in Persian]
Hefny, M. A. (2011). Water Diplomacy: A Tool for Enhancing Water Peace and
Sustainability in the Arab Region. in Cairo: Second Arab Water Forum.
Huntjens, P., Yasuda, Y., Swain, A., de Man, R., Magsig, B. O. & Islam, S. (2016). The
Multi-Track Water Diplomacy Framework: A Legal and Political Economy Analysis for
Advancing Cooperation over Shared Waters. The Hague Institute for Global Justice.
Accessed 1 July 2021: https://yun.ir/tghxv7.
ICOLD (2021a). General synthesis. Accessed 5 July 2021. Available at: https://www.icold-
cigb.org/article/GB/world_register/general_synthesis/general-synthesis.
ICOLD (2021b). Number of Dams by Country. Accessed 5 July 2021. Available at:
https://www.icold-cigb.org/article/GB/world_register/general_synthesis/number-of-dams-
by-country-members.
ICOLD (2021c) Why do We Need Dams?. Accessed 5 July 2021 at: https://www.icold-
cigb.org/GB/dams/role_of_dams.asp.
Interior Ministry of Iran. (1953). The Act of Iraq state to Dig a Canal from Shatt al-Arab to
Kuwait and Building a Dam. [National Library and Archives of I. R. Iran, Document No:
293/3905]. [in Persian].
Interior Ministry of Iran. (1953-1954). Establishment of Najma Dam on the Great Zab
River by the Iraqi Government. [National Library and Archives of I. R. Iran, Document No:
293/6329]. [in Persian].
International Rivers (2012, November 26). The New Great Walls: A Guide to China’s
Overseas Dam Industry. Available at: http://www.internationalrivers.org/resources
/the-new-greatwalls-a-guide-to-china%E2%80%99s-overseas-dam-industry-3962.
Iran Water Resources Management Company (Cartographer). (2021). Map of Iran’s Dams
Locations. [in Persian].
Iran-Iraq Agreement on the Use of Transboundary Rivers Waters. (1976). Available at:
https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/97442. [in Persian]
Jahad-Keshavarzi Ministry. (1984-1988). Construction of Dams and Transboundary Rivers
[Correspondences Collection]. [National Library and Archives of I. R. Iran, document No:
320/48511]. [in Persian].
Jahad-Sazandegi Ministry. (1983). Report on the Operation in Darbandikhan. Iraq.
[National Library and Archives of I. R. Iran, Document No: 320/45237]. [in Persian].
Law on the Establishment of the Ministry of Water and Electricity. (1964). Available at:
https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/95490. [in Persian]
Management and Planning Organization of Iran (1986). Crediting the Study of Gheshlagh
Dam.... [National Library and Archives of I. R. Iran, Document No: 220/12232]. [in
Persian].
Power-Technology (2019, May 28). China Continues to Build Much-Needed Power
Capacity in Africa. Accessed 3 March 2021. Available at: https://www.power-
technology.com/comment/chinese-investment-in-africa-2019/.
Presidential Administration of Iran (1957-1958). Report of the Iran’s Embassy on the
social, economic and urban situation in Iraq and Baghdad [National Library and Archives
of I. R. Iran, Document No: 230/30018]. [in Persian].
Ren, Z., Li, F., Tang, T., & Cai, Q. (2014). The Influences of Small Dam on
Macroinvertebrates Diversity and Temporal Stability in Stream Ecosystem. Fresenius Environ. Bull, 23(7), 1510-1518.
Schmeier, S. (2018, August). What is Water Diplomacy and Why Should You Care?. In
Global Water Forum (Vol. 31).
Sky News Arabia (2018a, 15 October). An Iraqi Minister Confirms that his Country has
been exposed to a Water Blockade by Iran. Available at:
https://www.skynewsarabia.com/middle-east/1191120. (in Arabic).
Sky News Arabia (2018b, 16 October). Iraq Reveals Iran's Plan for Drought with Pictures
and Documents. Available at: https://www.skynewsarabia.com/middle-east/1191240. (in
Arabic).
Tang, K. & Shen, Y. (2020). Do China-Financed Dams in sub-Saharan Africa Improve the
Region's Social Welfare? A Case Study of the Impacts of Ghana’s Bui Dam. Energy Policy,
136, 111062.
The Blue Peace (2021). Water Diplomacy and Mediation. Accessed 1 July 2021. Available
at: https://www.thebluepeace.org/water-diplomacy.
The Law Permitting the Implementation of the Twenty-Seven-Month Detailed Plan of
Management and Planning Organization until the End of the Year (1951). Available at:
https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/94302. [in Persian].
The Office of Prime Minister of Iran. (1940). Egyptian Al-Ahram Newspaper Reports on
Iraq and Egypt. [National Library and Archives of I. R. Iran, Document No: 310/12458]. [in
Persian].
The office of Prime Minister of Iran. (1944a). A Report on the Opening of the Iraqi State
Affairs Commission .... [National Library and Archives of I. R. Iran, Document No:
310/11232]. [in Persian].
The Office of Prime Minister of Iran. (1944b). A Report on the Construction of a Dam in
Iraq. [National Library and Archives of I. R. Iran, Document No: 310/11280]. [in Persian].
The office of Prime Minister of Iran. (No Date). Reports Submitted by the Iran’s Embassy
in Baghdad. [National Library and Archives of I. R. Iran, Document No: 320/45237]. [in
Persian].
Van Genderen, R., & Rood, J. (2011). Water Diplomacy: A Niche for the Netherlands.
Netherlands Institute of International Relations ‘Clingendael’, with the Netherlands
Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Water Governance Centre.
Wang, F., Maberly, S. C., Wang, B. & Liang, X. (2018). Effects of Dams on Riverine
Biogeochemical Cycling and Ecology. Inland Waters, 8(2), 130-140.
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