Document Type : Original Article
Authors
1 M.Sc. in international law , law faculty , university of Tehran, Iran.
2 Assistant Professor, faculty of law, university of Tehran, Iran.
Abstract
The need to protect users' personal data in cyberspace is inevitable nowadays, thus governments and regional and international mechanisms such as the European Union have also taken legislative actions in this regard. On the other hand, the interpretation of the framework of laws adopted within the European Union is that the implementation of these laws is also limited to the territory of the constituent states of this regional body, while the provisions of the latest European Data Protection Document (GDPR: 2016) shows that it has extraterritorial character and can be applied outside the borders of the union. Therefore, this study uses a descriptive analytical method to examine the text of this document and its previous version (DPD: 1995), and the most important cases before the European Union Court of Justice regarding the transfer of European users’ personal data to the United States of America to clarify the possibility of cross-border application of this document in non-EU countries. Finally, the findings of the present study indicate that due to the significant political and economic power of the Union, the large number of European users in the Internet space, interpretations and opinions provided by the European Court, history of data transfer mechanisms between Europe and the United States, as well as the administrative mandates provided in this document, it can be said that in practice this regulation has extraterritorial character and is applied outside the union.
Keywords
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of the Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance. first edition [in Persian].
Article 29 Data Protection Working Party. Opinion 03/2013 on purpose limitation, Adopted
on 2 April 2013.
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Regulation 2016/679, Adopted on 28 November 2017, last Revised and Adopted on 10
April 2018.
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Regulation 2016/679.
Aslani, H, (2010). Information Technology Law. Tehran: Mizan Publications. Second
Edition.
Cjeu, Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber). Judgment of 13. 5. 2014 — Case C-131/12
Google Spain and Google, (Google Spain SL, Google Inc. v Agencia Española de
Protección de Datos (AEPD), Mario Costeja González).
Cjeu, Judgment of The Court (Grand Chamber), Judgment of 16. 7. 2020 — Case C-311/18
Facebook Ireland And Schrems, (Data Protection Commissioner v Facebook Ireland Ltd,
Maximillian Schrems).
CJEU, JUDGMENT OF THE COURT (Grand Chamber), JUDGMENT OF 30. 5. 2006 —
JOINED CASES C-317/04 AND C-318/04, (European Parliament, European Data
Protection Supervisor (EDPS) v Council of the European Union, Commission of the
European Communities).
Cjeu, Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber), Judgment oF 6. 10. 2015 — CASE C-
362/14, (Maximillian Schrems v Data Protection Commissioner).
Commission Decision 2000/520/EC, of July 26, 2000 Pursuant to Directive 95/46/EC of the
European Parliament and of the Council on the Adequacy of the Protect Provided by the
Safe Harbor Privacy Principles and Related Frequently Asked Questions Issued by the U.S. Department of Commerce, 2000.
Commission Implementing Decision (EU) 2016/1250 of 12 July 2016 pursuant to Directive
95/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on the Adequacy of the protection
provided by the EU-US Privacy Shield.
Convention for the Protection of Individuals with Regard to Automatic Processing of
Personal Data, Strasbourg, 28 January 1981, (Convention 108).
Council of Europe, European Convention on Human Rights (1976).
Dalla Corte, L, (2019). Scoping Personal Data: Towards a Nuanced Interpretation of the
Material Scope of EU Data Protection Law. European Journal of Law and Technology,
10(1).
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of the Supreme Informatics Council of Islamic Republic of Iran [in Persian].
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University Press. London.
Decision (EU) 2016/2297 of 16 December 2016 on Standard Contractual Clauses (SCC).
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of Power, Rights and Rule in Cyberspace. United States of America: The MIT Press.
Directive 2002/58/Ec of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 July 2002/
Concerning the Processing of Personal Data and the Protection of Privacy in the
Electronic Communications Sector (Directive on Privacy and Electronic Communications).
Directive 2006/24/Ec of The European Parliament and of the CounciL of 15 March 2006.
Directive 95/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 October 1995 on
the Protection of Individuals with Regard to the Processing of Personal Data and on the
Free Movement of Such Data.
Douglas-Scott, S. (1993). Reviewed Work: Privacy, Intimacy and Isolation. by Julie Inness.
Oxford University Press. on behalf of the Mind Association. 102(408).
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Future of EU-USA Data Transfers. Review of Case C-362/14 Maximillian Schrems v Data
Protection Commissioner. EJRR.
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Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA).
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Cyberspace, with Emphasis on EU Data Protection Guidelines (GDPR: 2018). Master
Thesis. International Law. Faculty of Law. College of Farabi. University of Tehran. [in
Persian].
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Oxford University Press. 1(3).
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Proposed General Data Protection Regulation. Oxford Scholarship Online.
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Presence at Public and Private European Websites.
Jia, J, Ginger Zhe, J & Wagman, L. (2019). The Short-Run Effects of GDPR on Technology.
Venture Investment.
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Publications. [in Persian].
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Sovereignty of the Member States (with Emphasis on the Rulings of the German
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Processing (A Comparative Study of Iranian and European Union Law). Journal of Islamic
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International Publications.
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Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). Human Genetics. Vol.137.
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and on the Free Movement of Such Data.
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Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
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Faced in Complying with the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). In Proceedings
of the 2nd International Workshop on Multimedia Privacy and Security (MPS '18).
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)
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