Document Type : Original Article
Author
assistant professor
Abstract
European Integration Process have always been suspected in various countries of the Green Continent. Although Euroscepticism, which dates back to a period of suspicion, reluctance, and skepticism about these Processes, peaked and emerged with the election, the process of negative convergence with the EU and other arrangements in other societies and states also existed. Perhaps the most striking of these centrifugal tendencies can be traced to northern Europe and the Nordic region. The question that arises here is how the Eurosceptic flow in the Nordic basin is formulated. In response to the existence of Eurosceptic tendencies at the three levels of social system, political system and party system, in the Nordics in general and in Norway, Iceland, Sweden, Denmark and Finland, the formation of opposing currents towards the convergence process. Europe is being considered. The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method and library type in terms of data collection.
Keywords
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De Wilde, Pieter Céline Teney & Onawa Promise Lacewell (2017). Eurosceptisism: Stand-
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Edited By Malin Stegmann Mccallionalex Brianson, Palgrave Mc Milan.
Mehlika Ozlem Ultan & Serdar Ornek (2015). Euroscepticism In The European Union.
International Journal of Social Sciences, Vol. IV(2), pp. 49-57
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Leruth, Nicholas Startin, Simon Usherwood (2017). The Routledge Handbook of
Euroscepticism. London: Routledge.
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Newcastle upon Tyne: Agenda Publishing.
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Model. International Political Economy Studies, 4(1), 195-235. doi:
10.22126/ipes.2021.4984.1224.
Rahmati, R. (2022). The Impact of Scandinavian Practical Theology on Welfare State-
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Rahmati, R. (2023). Sweden; Small State but Moral Superpower. State Studies, 9(33), 75-
112. doi: 10.22054/tssq.2023.71803.1374.
Rahmati, R. (2023). Nordic small states; Security policies in transitions of the
international environment. Political and International Approaches, 14(2), 11-39. doi:
10.29252/piaj.2022.226669.1239.
Sandvika, N.S. (2003). Euro-Scepticism as Party Strategy: Persistence and Change in Party-
Based Opposition to European Integration. OZP, No.3, pp.239-253.
Sørensen, Catharina (2016). Nordic Eurosceptic Voting in 2014: Denmark, Norway, and
Sweden. The Eurosceptic 2014 European Parliament Elections. pp 125-147.
Startin, Nicholas (2017). ‘Euromondialisme’ and the Growth of the Radical Right. in
Benjamin Leruth, Nicholas Startin & Simon Usherwood (2017). The Routledge Handbook
of Euroscepticism. London: Routledge.
Tabatabai, Seyed Mohammad (2019). Politics and Government in Europe. Tehran: Samt
Publications.[In Persian].
Taggart P. & Szczerbiak, A. (2002). The Party Politics of Euroscepticismin EU Member
andCandidate States. ‘Opposing Europe Research Network’ Working Paper, No.6, pp. 1-
45.
Taggart, P (1998). A Touchstone of Dissent: Euro-scepticism in Contemporary Western
European Party Systems. European Journal of Political Research. 33(3), 363–388.
Thorhallsson, Baldur (2019). Iceland and European Integration. Oxford Research
Encyclopedia of Politics.
Waever, O. (1992). Nordic Nostalgia: Northern Europe after the Cold War. International
Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944-), 68(1), 77-102.
Wennerhag, Magnus, Christian Fröhlich & Grzegorz Piotrowski (2018). Radical Left
Movements in Europe, Routledge.
Worre, T. (1987). The Danish Euro-Party System. Scandinavian Political Studies. 10(1):79-95.
15.
Alexiadou, N. & Lundahl, L. (2019). The Boundaries of Policy Learning and the Role of
Ideas: Sweden, As a reluctant Policy Learner?. In Stadler-Altmann U. & Gross B. (Eds.),
Beyond Erziehung Swissenschaftlicher Grenzen: Diskurse zu Entgrenzungen der Disziplin
(pp. 63-78).
Arató, K. & Kaniok, P. (2009). Euroscepticism and European Integration, (Ed.) Krisztina
Arató, PetrKaniok. Series of Political Science Research Center Forum. Book 6.
Arter, David (2008). Scandinavian Politics Today. Manchester University Press.
Arter, David (2015). Scandinavian Politics Today. Manchester: Manchester University
Press.
Arter, David (2022). Scandinavian Politics Today. Translated by Reza Rahmati. Hamedan:
Bu-Ali Sina University Press.
Berstein, Serge & Pierre Milza (2015). Serge Berstein ; Pierre Milza, Histoire de l'Europe,
du 19e au début du 21e siècle. translated by Pirooz Izadi, Tehran: Third Editionا[In Persian]
Brack, Nathalie (2020) Towards a Unified anti-Europe Narrative on the Right and Left?
The challenge of Euroscepticism in the 2019 European Elections. Research and Politics,
available in: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/2053168020952236.
Brianson, alex (2019). Awkward Nordics And The Study Of Regional Integration. Nordic
Statesand European Integration Awkward Partners In The North? Edited By Malin Stegmann Mccallion alex Brianson, Palgrave Mc Milan.
Cambridge Dictionary (2021). Eurosceptic. available in: https://dictionary.cambridge.org/
dictionary/english/eurosceptic.
Christensen, D.A. (1996). The Left-Wing Opposition in Denmark, Norway and Sweden:
Cases of Euro-phobia?. West European Politics, 19(3), 525-546.
De Wilde, Pieter Céline Teney & Onawa Promise Lacewell (2017). Eurosceptisism: Stand-
Alone Phenomenon or Embedded within a Broader Cleavage?. in Benjamin Leruth,
Nicholas Startin, Simon Usherwood (2017). The Routledge Handbook of Euroscepticism,
London: Routledge.
Einhorn, E. (2002). Just Enough ("Lagom"). Europeanization: The Nordic States and
Europe ”Scandinavian Studies, 74(3), 265-286.
EU Information Centre (2021). European Union Referenda; Denmark has Held Eight
European Union (EU) Referenda. acceded at 1, 28, 2021 available at:
https://www.thedanishparliament.dk/en/eu-information-centre/eu-referenda
Hooghe, L., Marks, G. & Wilson, C.J. (2002). Does Left/Right Structure Party Positions on
European Integration?. Comparative Political Studies. 35(8): 965-989.
Ingebritsen, C. (1998). What’s at Stake? In The Nordic States and European Unity. (pp. 51-
76). Ithaca; London: Cornell University Press.
Jungar, A. (2002). Integration by Different Means: Finland and Sweden in the EU.
Scandinavian Studies, 74(3), 397-426.
Karabová, Denisa (2016). European Identity In The Context Of Nordic Identity. Studia
Humanistyczno-Społeczne (Humanities And Social Studies) 14. 99-116.
Katzenstein, Peter J. (2003). Small states and Small Stated Revisited. New Political
Economy, 8 (1), 9-30.
Lauring Knudsen, A.-C. (2007). ‘Euroscepticism in Denmark’, in P. Taggart and A.
Szczerbiak (eds.) Opposing Europe? The Comparative Party Politics of Euroscepticism,
Volume I, Case Studies and Country Surveys, Oxford: Oxford University Press
(Forthcoming).
Laursen, J. & Olesen, T. (2000). A Nordic Alternative to Europe? The Interdependence of
Denmark's Nordic and European Policies. 1945-1998. Contemporary European History,
9(1), 59-92.
Lee-Ohlsson, F. (2009). Sweden and Development of the European Security and Defence
Policy: A Bi-Directional Process of Europeanization. Cooperation and Conflict, 44(2), 123-
142.
Leruth, Benjamin (2013). EU Institutions, Government and Politics and Enlargement,
Euroscepticism Collaboration. available at: https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/europpblog/
2013/02/12/eurosceptic-attitudes-nordic-countries-sweden-denmark-finland-iceland-
norway/.
Leruth, Benjamin, Nicholas Startin & Simon Usherwood, (2017). Defining Euroscepticism:
from a Broad Concept to a Field of Study. in Benjamin Leruth, Nicholas Startin, Simon
Usherwood (2017) The Routledge Handbook of Euroscepticism. London: Routledge.
Makko, A. (2017). 1945–1969: Sweden and Europe in a Changing World. In Ambassadors
of Realpolitik: Sweden, the CSCE and the Cold War (pp. 33-46).
Martinus, F. L. (2006). Chapter 4. Denmark: the Battle to Avoid a Referendum. In The
Treaty of Nice. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill | Nijhoff.
McCallion, Malin Stegmann (2019). Swedish Awkwardness à La Carte? The Difference a Question Mark Can Make?. Nordic Statesand EuropeanIntegration Awkward PartnersIn
The North? Edited ByMalin Stegmann Mccallionalex Brianson. Palgrave Mc Milan.
McCallion, Malin Stegmann & Brianson, Alex (2019). Introduction: Awkward Partners in
the North?. Nordic Statesand European Integration Awkward PartnersIn The North?
Edited By Malin Stegmann Mccallionalex Brianson, Palgrave Mc Milan.
Mehlika Ozlem Ultan & Serdar Ornek (2015). Euroscepticism In The European Union.
International Journal of Social Sciences, Vol. IV(2), pp. 49-57
Nielsen, Julie Hassing (2017). The Pragmatic Euroscepticism of Scandinavia. in Benjamin
Leruth, Nicholas Startin, Simon Usherwood (2017). The Routledge Handbook of
Euroscepticism. London: Routledge.
Oliver, T. (Ed.) (2018). Europe's Brexit: EU Perspectives on Britain's Vote to Leave.
Newcastle upon Tyne: Agenda Publishing.
Rahmati, R. (2020). Geo-Economics and Reshaping the Regional Order (Nordic, Southeast
Asia and MENA). International Political Economy Studies, 3(1), 151-179. doi:
10.22126/ipes.2020.3722.1071.
Rahmati, R. (2021). Configuration of Basic Principles of Development in the Nordic
Model. International Political Economy Studies, 4(1), 195-235. doi:
10.22126/ipes.2021.4984.1224.
Rahmati, R. (2022). The Impact of Scandinavian Practical Theology on Welfare State-
Building. Philosophy of Religion Research, 20(1), 99-108. doi: 10.30497/prr.2022.76217.
Rahmati, R. (2023). Sweden; Small State but Moral Superpower. State Studies, 9(33), 75-
112. doi: 10.22054/tssq.2023.71803.1374.
Rahmati, R. (2023). Nordic small states; Security policies in transitions of the
international environment. Political and International Approaches, 14(2), 11-39. doi:
10.29252/piaj.2022.226669.1239.
Sandvika, N.S. (2003). Euro-Scepticism as Party Strategy: Persistence and Change in Party-
Based Opposition to European Integration. OZP, No.3, pp.239-253.
Sørensen, Catharina (2016). Nordic Eurosceptic Voting in 2014: Denmark, Norway, and
Sweden. The Eurosceptic 2014 European Parliament Elections. pp 125-147.
Startin, Nicholas (2017). ‘Euromondialisme’ and the Growth of the Radical Right. in
Benjamin Leruth, Nicholas Startin & Simon Usherwood (2017). The Routledge Handbook
of Euroscepticism. London: Routledge.
Tabatabai, Seyed Mohammad (2019). Politics and Government in Europe. Tehran: Samt
Publications.[In Persian].
Taggart P. & Szczerbiak, A. (2002). The Party Politics of Euroscepticismin EU Member
andCandidate States. ‘Opposing Europe Research Network’ Working Paper, No.6, pp. 1-
45.
Taggart, P (1998). A Touchstone of Dissent: Euro-scepticism in Contemporary Western
European Party Systems. European Journal of Political Research. 33(3), 363–388.
Thorhallsson, Baldur (2019). Iceland and European Integration. Oxford Research
Encyclopedia of Politics.
Waever, O. (1992). Nordic Nostalgia: Northern Europe after the Cold War. International
Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944-), 68(1), 77-102.
Wennerhag, Magnus, Christian Fröhlich & Grzegorz Piotrowski (2018). Radical Left
Movements in Europe, Routledge.
Worre, T. (1987). The Danish Euro-Party System. Scandinavian Political Studies. 10(1):79-95.
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