Document Type : Original Article
Authors
1 Seyed Ahmad Fatemi Nejad
2 Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
Abstract
The 20-year period of US presence in Afghanistan after 2001 was one of the periods in which conflict and insecurity continued to prevail in Afghanistan. Various factors can be mentioned for this insecurity, one of which has been the competition of foreign actors in Afghanistan.The present study seeks to answer the question of what consequences the US-Iranian rivalry and conflict have had for Afghanistan's national security?The research hypothesis is that the US-Iran conflict in Afghanistan has weakened Afghanistan's national security by increasing the armed conflict, weakening the Afghan government , and reducing the growth of trade relations between Iran and Afghanistan.To test the hypothesis, the theoretical framework of national security and explanatory method have been used. In this regard, on the one hand, some regional and international issues in dispute between the two countries and on the other hand, some differences between them regarding Afghanistan, have provided the ground for competition and conflict between them in Afghanistan.Therefore, the policy of the two countries towards Afghanistan has a completely security basis and the pursuit of the parties to ensure their national interests has led them to act against each other's interests in Afghanistan.The findings show that these measures have implications for Afghanistan's national security in military, political and economic dimensions.
Keywords
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Publications. (in Persian).
& Research Institute. (in Persian).
Abtahi, S. M. & Torabi, S. A. (2015). US Role in the Nation-State Building of
Afghanistan and the New Iraq. Journal of Political Science, (32). (in Persian).
Aghajeri, M. J. & Karimi, M. (2015). The Role of Regional Actors in the State
Building Process of Afghanistan During the Taliban and Post-Taliban. Journal
of International Relations. (in persian).
Akbarzadeh, S. (2014). Iran’s Policy Towards Afghanistan: in the shadow of
the United State. Journal of Asian Security and International Affairs, 1(1), 63-
78.
Alizadeh, A. (2009). The Roots of the Conflict between Iran and America.
Journal of Religious Anthropology, (21). (in Persian).
Ardakani, M. & Golkari, G. M. (2000). Examining the Theories and Solutions
to Establish Security in the third World, History. Journal of Politics and Media
Research Paper, (3). (in Persian).
Ayoub, M. (2002). National Security in the third World, Tehran: Research
institute of Strategic Studies. (in Persian).
Azar, E. Moon, C. I. (1998). Software Dimensions of National Security:
Legitimacy, Coherence and Capacity of the Political System, Journal of
Defense Policy, (22). (in Persian).
Bagheri, E. (2009). America's New Strategy in Afghanistan with Emphasis on
Process Strategy. Journal of Strategic Studies of the Islamic World, (37). (in
Persian).
Bagheri, E. (2009). Assessing the Internal and External Situation of Afghanistan
after Eight Yyears of Military Occupation. Journal of Strategic Studies of the
Islamic World, (38). (in Persian).
Bahmanighajar, M. A. (2010). Dimensions, Consequences and Strategic
Effects of America in Afghanistan. Journal of Strategic Studies of the Islamic
Sorld, (44). (in Persian).
Barzegar, K. & Tavakoli, Z. (2011). Barack Obama's Strategy in Afghanistan:
Its Effects on Iran's National Security and Interests. Journal of Middle East
Studies, (65). (in Persian).
Basiri, M. A. (2001). Evolution of the Concept of National Security. Journal of
Political and Economic Information, (163). (in Persian).
BayBodi, E., Khabiri, K. & Rezaie, & M. H. Sh. (2015). Examining America's
Foreign Policy in the Fight Against Terrorism, The Goals and Consequences of the Kabul-Washington Security Treaty. Journal of International Relations,
(30). (in Persian).
BBC Persian (2020). We Support Peace Ttalks led by Afghan`s, 26July.
Available in: Buzan, B. (1998), The Problem of National Security in the Third
World. Journal of Strategic Studies. (in Persian).
Buzan, B. (1999). People, Government and Fear. Tehran: Research Institute of
Strategic Studies. (in Persian).
Chegenizade, G. A. & Sahraie, M. R. (2015). Evaluation of the Peace Process
in Afghanistan after the Agreement of Bonn 2001. Journal of Political Strategic
Studies, (14). (in Persian).
Cordesman, A. H. (2012). U.S and Iranian Strategic Competition: Competition
in Afghanistan, Central Asia and Pakistan. Washington: Center for Strategic
and International Studes.
Crawford, N. C. (2015). War-Related Death, Injury and Displacement in
Afghanistan and Pakistan 2001-2014. Boston University, Watson Institute for
International Studies.
Daneshbakhtiari, M. GH. (2000). Developments in Afghanistan and their
Impact on Iran's National Security. Journal of Strategic Studies, (7). (in Persian).
Deheshyar, H. (2011). American Foreign Policy in Afghanistan. Tehran: Mizan
publication. (in Persian).
Deheshyar, H. (2012). American Foreign Policy in Theory and Practice.
Tehran: Mizan publication. (in Persian).
Dehghanifirozabadi, S. J. (2006). Foreign Policy of the Islamic Republic of
Iran in Afghanistan's Issue, Journal of Law and Politics. (20). (in Persian).
Dehghanifirozabadi, S. J. (2013). Foreign Policy of the Islamic Republic of
Iran, Tehran: Samt Publications. (in Persian).
Farajirad, A., Shahbazi, B., Sadati, S. M. & Darkhor, M. (2011). America`s
Strategy and Afghanistan`s National Security. Journal of Quarterly of New
Attitudes in Human Geography, (13). (in Persian).
Farzam, A. (2020). Peace Process in Afghanistan. 26Agu. Available in:
Farzanehpoor, H. & Yosefzehy, N. (2017). A Critical Reflection on the Security
Challenges of Economic Relation between Iran and Afghanistan, Journal of
Politics and International Relations, (2). (in Persian).
Fatemi Nejad, S. A. & Mohammadzadeh, A. (2018). Studying the Status of the
New Afghanistan among Regional Security Complexes: from Central Asia to
South Asia. Central Eurasia Studies, 11(2), 399-416. (in Persian).
Ghahramanpoor, R. (2003). Military Presence in Afghanistan and Iran`s National Interests. Journal of Regional Studies, (15). (in Persian).
Gharavi, M. (2016). America`s Military-Security Strategy in Afghanistan and
it`s Impact on Afghanistan`s National Security. Journal of Political Studies,
(33). (in Persian).
Ghorbani S. A. (2009). Iran and the US: Current Situation and Future Prospects.
Journal of International and Area Studies, 16(1), 93-113.
Hadian, H. (2005). America`s Foreign and Defense Policy after September 11.
Journal of Law and Politics, (3).
Hossainkhani, E. (2011). Afghanistan and the Issue of Taliban Regaining
Power. Journal of Political Science, (19). (in Persian).
IRIB News Agency(2020). The Reaction of the Iranian Embassy to the
American Claim about Peace in Afghanistan. 24July, available at: Islamic
Republic News Agency (2020). Trump Seeking Cooperation with the Taliban
or Peace in Afghanistan. 26Sep.
Jalali, R. & Almasi, F. (2010). NATO's Presence in Afghanistan and the
Challenges Facing it. Journal of Strategic Studies, (48). (in Persian).
Jalalzadeh, S. M. (2017). Investigating the Impact of US-Afghanistan Strategic
(2012). and Security (2014) Agreements on Afghanistan's Relations with
Neighboring Countries in the Framework of International Law. Journal of
Politics, (13). (in Persian).
Javadiarjmand, M. J., Karimighahrodi, M. & Akhbari, M. (2015).The Evolution
of US Foreign Policy towards Afghanistan Based on Geopolitical Theories.
Journal of Political Science, (33). (in Persian).
Javadiarjmand, M. J. (2009). Movements of the Taliban and its impact on
the relations between Pakistan, Afghanistan and America. Journal of Central
Eurasia Studies, (3). (in Persian).
Katzman, K. (2015). Afghanistan: Politics, Elections, Government Performance.
Washington: Congressional Research Service.
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Through a Turbulent World. Kabul: Azem publication. (in Persian).
Koepke, B. (2013). Iran’s Policy on Afghanistan. Sweden: Stockholm
International Peace Research Institute.
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Challenge to Peace Negotiations with the Taliban. Journal of Foreign Policy,
(3). (in Persian).
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Iran's National Security. Journal of Strategic Defense Studies, (52). (in Persian).
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Military Science and Tactics, (4). (in persian)
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of Central Asia and Caucasus Studies, (88). (in persian)
Report of European Asylum Support office (2019), Afghanistan Security
Situation. June. Available at: https://coi.easo.europa.eu/administration/easo/
PLib/Afghanistan_security_situation_2019.pdf.
Report of the Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction
(SIGAR), (2012: 30 Jan). Ten Years of Reconstruction in Afghanistan.
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(2019: 30 Jun).
Roshan, J. & Mohammadian, A. (2015). Examining the Security Treaty
between Afghanistan and America and its implications for the Islamic Republic
of Iran. Journal of Defense Policy, (4). (in Persian).
Rubin, Barnett (2020). A New Look at Iran’s Complicated Relationship with he Taliban. 16 sep.
Sadr, O. (2018). Peace Processes in Afghanistan: People`s Perspective. Kabul:
Afghan Institute for Strategic Studies. (in Persian).
Sadst, Mir.H, James P. Hughes (2010). U.S-Iran Engagement Through
Afghanistan. Journal of Middle East Policy, 17(1), 31-51.
Shafiei, E. & Eidozi, N. (2013). The Role of Foreign Support in the Revival of
the Taliban in Afghanistan. Journal of Subcontinent Research, (1). (in Persian).
Shafiei, N. & et.al. (2013). The impact of America`s presence in Afghanistan
on the National Security of the Islamic Republic of Iran with an Emphasis on
Aggressive Realism. Journal of Central Asia and Caucasus Studies, (81). (in
Persian).
Shafiei, N. (2009). Reproducing Power in Afghanistan: Explaining the Taliban`s
Rise to Power. Journal of Central Eurasia Studies, (4).
Soltanigishini, M. J., Vothoqi, S. & Ebrahimi, Sh. (2017). Failed State and
New Wars: A Case Study of ISIS in the Middle East. Journal of Political &
International Approaches, (49). (in Persian).
Takhshid, M. R. & Norian A. (2015). American Unilateralism in Afghanistan
and its Impact on Iran's Regional Role. Journal of Political Science, (41). (in
Persian).
Tovhidfam, M. & Paydari, F. (2012). American Unilateralism in Afghanistan
and its Impact on Iran's Regional Role. Journal of International Relations, (20).
(in Persian).
Yosefzehi, N., Farzanepoor, H. & Bakhshi, A. (2018). The Pathology of Iran-
Afghanistan Relations from Political Economy Perspective (2001-2018).
Journal of Political Science, (50). (in Persian).
Aublications, (19). (in Persian).
Mohammadian, A. (2011). A Review of US Foreign Policy in Afghanistan:
State Building with an Emphasis on Rebuilding the Armed Forces. Journal of
International and Political Research Quarterly, (8). (in Persian).
Mollazehi, P. M. (2020). Different Views of America and Iran on the Peace
Agreement in Afghanistan. 25July.
Mosaddeghi, M. & Fazlinejad, S. (2016). The Confrontation and Competition
between Iran and America in Afghanistan after the events of September 2001.
Journal of International and Political Research Quarterly, (30). (in Persian).
Nader, A. , Scotten, A. G. , Rahmani, A. I. , Stewart, R. & Mahnad, L. (2014).
Iran’s Influence in Afghanistan: Implications for the US Drawdown. California:
National Security Research Devision (RAND).
Normohammadi, M. & Fasihidolatshahi, M. A. (2018). Explaining the Factors
Affecting the Inefficiency of the Government in Post Taliban Afghanistan in
the Direction of the Regional Security Complex Theory. Journal of Political
Sociology of Islamic World, (1). (in Persian).
Pahlavani, M. (2013). The Approach of Effective Actors in Afghanistan, A
Challenge to Peace Negotiations with the Taliban. Journal of Foreign Policy,
(3). (in Persian).
Porghayyomi, A. (2013). The Impact of America's Presence in Afghanistan on
Iran's National Security. Journal of Strategic Defense Studies, (52). (in Persian).
Radmehr, I. (2005). Evolution in the concept of national security, Journal of
Military Science and Tactics, (4). (in persian)
Rafi, H. Bakhtiarijami, M. (2014). Challenges of peace in Afghanistan, Journal
of Central Asia and Caucasus Studies, (88). (in persian)
Report of European Asylum Support office (2019), Afghanistan Security
Situation. June. Available at: https://coi.easo.europa.eu/administration/easo/
PLib/Afghanistan_security_situation_2019.pdf.
Report of the Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction
(SIGAR), (2012: 30 Jan). Ten Years of Reconstruction in Afghanistan.
Report of the United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA),
(2019: 30 Jun).
Roshan, J. & Mohammadian, A. (2015). Examining the Security Treaty
between Afghanistan and America and its implications for the Islamic Republic
of Iran. Journal of Defense Policy, (4). (in Persian).
Rubin, Barnett (2020). A New Look at Iran’s Complicated Relationship with he Taliban. 16 sep.
Sadr, O. (2018). Peace Processes in Afghanistan: People`s Perspective. Kabul:
Afghan Institute for Strategic Studies. (in Persian).
Sadst, Mir.H, James P. Hughes (2010). U.S-Iran Engagement Through
Afghanistan. Journal of Middle East Policy, 17(1), 31-51.
Shafiei, E. & Eidozi, N. (2013). The Role of Foreign Support in the Revival of
the Taliban in Afghanistan. Journal of Subcontinent Research, (1). (in Persian).
Shafiei, N. & et.al. (2013). The impact of America`s presence in Afghanistan
on the National Security of the Islamic Republic of Iran with an Emphasis on
Aggressive Realism. Journal of Central Asia and Caucasus Studies, (81). (in
Persian).
Shafiei, N. (2009). Reproducing Power in Afghanistan: Explaining the Taliban`s
Rise to Power. Journal of Central Eurasia Studies, (4).
Soltanigishini, M. J., Vothoqi, S. & Ebrahimi, Sh. (2017). Failed State and
New Wars: A Case Study of ISIS in the Middle East. Journal of Political &
International Approaches, (49). (in Persian).
Takhshid, M. R. & Norian A. (2015). American Unilateralism in Afghanistan
and its Impact on Iran's Regional Role. Journal of Political Science, (41). (in
Persian).
Tovhidfam, M. & Paydari, F. (2012). American Unilateralism in Afghanistan
and its Impact on Iran's Regional Role. Journal of International Relations, (20).
(in Persian).
Yosefzehi, N., Farzanepoor, H. & Bakhshi, A. (2018). The Pathology of Iran-
Afghanistan Relations from Political Economy Perspective (2001-2018).
Journal of Political Science, (50). (in Persian).
)
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