Document Type : Original Article
Author
Assistant Professor Dept of International Relations Faculty of Law and Political Sciences University of Tehran
Abstract
Iran’s Nuclear Program (INP) has attracted many eyes and thoughts. While much ink has been spilled on its evolution and its impact on the international security and the middle-eastern politics, it seems there has been a theoretical void in the explanation of this multi-dimensional crisis. Such an unfortunate poverty is no more obvious than in the framing INP by the media. In fact, the impacts of media on conflicts and crisis in general, and on INP in particular, has been recently devalued. Thus, a voyage of the connections of the media framing and INP has been so far intact. The present study is an attempt to give a historical narrative on how the media have framed the trajectory of INP. We will accomplish this mission by locating the impacts of media on INP within an examination of the larger historical context. In this framework, the proposed work will undertake tracing the history of the ebbs and flows within the media—i.e., CNN and Fox News— coverage of INP, explaining how media covered INP. On this reading, the present work is a historiography. It provides a theoretical plot to narrate a story, a story of the history of INP through the lens of media.
Keywords
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Lessons from the Oslo Peace Process. The International Journal of Press/
Politics, 2(4), 52-70.
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of Foreign Policy Crises, 1946–1999. In B.L. Nacos & R.Y. Shapiro (Eds),
Decisionmaking in a Glass House, (pp. 61–84). New York, NY: Rowman &
Littlefield.
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Islamic Republic of Iran. Wayback. Retrieved from
https://wayback.archive.org/web/20070202222316/http://www.un.int/iran/
facts_about_peaceful_nuclear_program.pdf
Hill.
Frisch, D. (1993). Reasons for Framing Effects. Organizational Behavior and
Human Decision Processes, 54, 399-429.
Fleitz, F. (2015, July 14). Iran Nuclear Deal Much Worse than Experts Predicted.
Fox News. Available at: http://www.foxnews.com/opinion/2015/07/14/iran-
nuclear-deal-much-worse-than-experts-predicted.html.
Gamson, W. A. (1992). Talking Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press.
Gamson, W. A. (1992). The Social Psychology of Collective Action. In Frontiers
in Social Movement Theory (53-76). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Graber, D.A. (6th ed). (2002). Mass Media and American Politics. Washington,
DC: CQ Press.
Haggi, R. (2009). Iranophobia: The Logic of an Israeli Obsession. San
Francisco, CA: Stanford University Press.
Holsti, O.R. (2004). Public Opinion and American Foreign Policy. Ann Arbor:
University of Michigan Press.
Kuypers, J.A. (1997). Presidential Crisis Rhetoric and the Press in the Post-
Cold War World. Westport, CT: Praeger.
Iyengar, S. (1991). Is Anyone Responsible?: How Television Frames Political
Issues. Chicago. IL: University of Chicago Press.
Jentleson, B.W. (1992). The Pretty Prudent Public: Post Post-Vietnam American
Opinion on the Use of Military Force. Int. Stud. Q. 36(1), 49–74.
Marshall, J. (2003). Falsely Bleak Reports Reduce our Chance for Success in
Iraq. Atlanta Journal Constitution, Sep. 22, p. 11A.
McCombs, M. (2004). Setting the Agenda: The Mass Media and Public
Opinion. New York, NY: Polity.
McCombs. M. E. (1972). The Agenda Setting Approach, Function of the
Media. In: Public Opinion Quarterly, Vol. 36. N0. 2. Summer 1972.
McQuail, Mass Communication Theory an Introduction. London: Thousand
Oaks, New Delhi SAGE. 1994.
Mintz, A. & Redd, S. B. (2003). Framing Effects in International Relations.
Synthese, 135(2), 193-213.
Moeller, S.D. (2004). Media Coverage of Weapons of Mass Destruction.
CISSM Report, March 9. (Iraq).
Mullen, J. & Robertson, N. (2015, July 14). Landmark Deal Reached on
Iran Nuclear program. CNN. Available at: http://www.cnn.com/2015/07/14/politics/iran-nuclear-deal/index.html.
Naveh, C. (2002). The Role of the Media in Foreign Policy Decision-Making:
A Theoretical Framework. Conflict & Communication Online, 1(2). Available
at: http://www.cco.regener-online.de/2002_2/pdf_2002_2/naveh.pdf.
Nacos B.L. & Shapiro, R.Y. & Isernia, P. (2000). Decisionmaking in a Glass
House. New York, NY: Rowman & Littlefield.
National Intelligence Estimate: Iran-Nuclear Intentions and Capabilities,
Published November 2007 Available at: https://www.dni.gov/press_
releases/20071203_release.pdf.
Nir, R. & Roeh, I. (1993). The Rhetoric of Speech Presentation in the Israeli
Press. Hebrew Studies, 34: 53-78.
Paletz, D.L. (2002). The Media in American Politics. New York, NY: Longman.
Scheufele, D. A. (1999). Framing as a Theory of Media Effects. Communication,
49(1), 103-122.
Rumsfeld, D. (2005). Interview with Jerry Agar, KMBZ News Radio 980.
Transcript, available at http://www.defenselink.mil/transcripts/transcript.
aspx?transcriptid=3246.
Snow, D.S. & Benford, R. D. (1988). Ideology, Frame Resonance and Participant
Mobilization. International Social Movement Research, 1, 197-217.
Seidman, R. (February 2015). List of how Many Homes Each Cable Network
is in as of February. TV by the Numbers. Zap2it.
Sciutto, J. & Carter, CJ. (2013, November 24). Obama: Iran nuclear deal limits ability
to create nuclear weapons. CNN. Available at: http://www.cnn.com/2013/11/
23/world/meast/iran-nuclear-talks-geneva/index.html.
Wolfsfeld, G. (1997). Promoting Peace through the News Media: Some Initial
Lessons from the Oslo Peace Process. The International Journal of Press/
Politics, 2(4), 52-70.
Zaller J, Chiu D. (2000). Government’s Little Helper: U.S. press Coverage
of Foreign Policy Crises, 1946–1999. In B.L. Nacos & R.Y. Shapiro (Eds),
Decisionmaking in a Glass House, (pp. 61–84). New York, NY: Rowman &
Littlefield.
Zarif, J. (2006). Some Facts and Materials on Peaceful Nuclear Program of the
Islamic Republic of Iran. Wayback. Retrieved from
https://wayback.archive.org/web/20070202222316/http://www.un.int/iran/
facts_about_peaceful_nuclear_program.pdf
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