Document Type : Original Article
Author
. PhD in International Relations, Faculty of Law and Political Science, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran
Abstract
China, as an economic power, pursues major strategic plans such as diversification of exports, the high-tech manufacturing, and developing trade routes around the world. Also, China recently has heavily invested in security and military strength to deal with terrorism, separatist movements, territorial disputes with East Asian neighbors, as well as securing trade routes and international corridors, especially those identified in the massive One Belt-One Road initiative. However, China seeks different kinds of international cooperation through milirary diplomacy to avoid a possible security dilemma. This research investigates the impact of China's military diplomacy on its foreign policy? This article seeks to examine China's military diplomacy and its role in the country's foreign policy. Findings show that military diplomacy will increase the country's ability to pursue national interest, develop its security environment, create a positive image, and expand operational geography.
Keywords
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Diplomacy in Military Affairs. Armed Forces & Society, 43(1), 72-91.
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challenges?gclid=Cj0KCQjwh_eFBhDZARIsALHjIKcPmTWO
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People’s Republic of China.
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Political Science.
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Partnership for Peace and Prosperity (2016-2020). Available at:
https://www.asean.org/storage/images/2015/November/27th-summit/ASEAN-
China%20POA%20%202016-2020.pdf.
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Podberozkin, Alexey Ivanovich (2016). Military Power and Politics of New Public
Diplomacy. Scientific and Analytical Journal Observer, 12(323), 15-25. (in
Russia)
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Arms Transfers. Strategic Studies Quarterly- Perspective, 91-116.
SIPRI YEARBOOK (2019). Armaments, Disarmament and International Security
(Summery). Stockholm International Peace Research Institute.
SIPRI YEARBOOK (2020). Armaments, Disarmament and International Security
(Summery). Stockholm International Research Institute.
Smith, Steven J. (2017). Winning Friends and Influencing People with Guns:
Understanding the Growth of China’s Military Diplomacy. A Dissertation
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor
of Philosophy. University of Washington. ProQuest Number: 10138530.
Southerland, Matthew (2019). The Chinese Military’s Role in Overseas
Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief: Contributions and Concerns.
U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission.
Wiharta, Sharon; Ahmad, Hassan; Haine, Jean-Yves; Löfgren, Josefina & Randall,
Tim (2008). The Effectiveness of Foreign Military Assets in Natural Disaster
response. A Report by the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute
(SIPRI): Sweden.
Wilson III, Ernest J. (2008). Hard Power, Soft Power, Smart Power. The Anuals of
the American Academy of Political and Social Science. Published by: SAGE,
110-124.
Diplomacy, 2003–2016
: Trends and Implications. Center for the Study of
Chinese Military Affairs Institute for National Strategic Studies, China
Strategic Perspectives, No. 11, National Defense University Press
Washington, D.C., July.
Armitage, Richard L., & Nye, Jr., Joseph s. (2007). A smarter, More Secure
America, CSIS (Center for Strategic & International Studies): Washington,
D.C.
BBC Monitoring Asia Pacific-Political (1999). China: Defence Minister Chi
Haotian on Army, Diplomatic Achievements, September 27, London
[London]: United Kingdom, Available at: ProQuest Central. Retrieved from:
https://search.proquest.com/docview/449810452?accountid=26226.
Cordesman, Anthony H.; Hess, Ashley, & Yarosh, Nicholas S. (2013). Chinese
Military Modernization and Force Development: a Western Perspective.
Center for Strategic & International Studies (CSIS).
Cordesman, Anthony H. (2019). China’s New 2019 Defense White Paper
: An Open
Strategic Challenge to the United States, but One which does not have to Lead
to Conflict, Center for Ctrategic & International Studies (CSIS).
China’s Military Strategy (2015). The State Council Information Office of the
People’s Republic of China, available at: https://jamestown.org/wp-
content/uploads/2016/07/China%E2%80%99s-Military-Strategy-2015.pdf.
China’s National Defense in the New Era (2019). The State Council Information
Office of the People’s Republic of China, First Edition, and Published by
Foreign Languages Press: Beijing: China. available at:
http://english.www.gov.cn/archive/whitepaper/201907/24/content_WS5d3941
ddc6d08408f502283d.html.
Defence Intelligence Agency (2019). China Military Power: Modernization a
Force to Fight and Win. United States of America.
Gibson, Leslie (2018). Public Diplomacy by Other Means: A Constructivist Wiew
of U.S. Military Message in Polish News Outlets, (MA Thesis), University of
Tartu, Faculty of Social Sciences Johan Skytte Institute of Political Studies.
Ghorbani Sheikhneshin, Arsalan; Karami, Kamran, & Abbaszadeh, Hadi (2011).
Smart Power; The New Evolution of Power in the Age of Globalization.
Foreign Relations, 3(4), 125-150. (in Persian)
Gill, Bates & Chin-hao Huang (2009), China's Expanding Peacekeeping Role: Its
Significance and the Policy Implication. SIPRI Policy Brief. Stockholm
International Research Institute.
Global Firepower (2021). Military Strength Ranking. Available at:
<https://www.globalfirepower.com/countries-listing.asp>
Jost, Tyler, & Strange, Austin M. (2017). Delegate and Conquer: Civilian and Military Diplomacy in Contemporary China.
Karadag, Haluk (2017). Forcing the Common Good: The Significance of Public
Diplomacy in Military Affairs. Armed Forces & Society, 43(1), 72-91.
Krasnyak, Olga, (2019). Review of (Russia’s Public Diplomacy: Evolution and
Practice. Edited by Anna Velikaya and Greg Simons. Palgrave Macmillan.
2020. International Relations. October 22. Available at: https://www.e-
ir.info/2019/10/22/review-russias-public-diplomacy-evolution-and-practice.
Lanteigne, Marc (2018). The Role of UN Peacekeeping in China’s Expanding
Strategic Interests, Special Report 430. United States institue of peace.
Marat, Erica (2021). China’s Expanding Military Education Diplomacy in Central
Asia. Ponars Eurasia. Institute for European. Russian and Eurasian Studies
(IERES) at the George Washington University’s Elliott School of
International Affairs.
Matsuda, Yasuhiro (2006). An Essay on China’s Military Diplomacy: Examination
of Intentions in Foreign Strategy. NIDS Security Repors, (7), 1-40, Originally
Published in Japanese in Boei Kenkyusho Kiyo (NIDS Security Studies), 8(3),
21-37.
Mingjiang, Li (2015). The People’s Liberation Army and China’s Smart Power
Quandary in Southeast Asia. Journal of Strategic Studies, 38(3), 359-382.
Moynihan, Harriet & Wim Muller (18/2/2019). China’s Growing Military Presence
abroad Brings New Challenges. Chatham House. Available at:
https://www.chathamhouse.org/2019/02/chinas-growing-military-presence-
abroad-brings-new-
challenges?gclid=Cj0KCQjwh_eFBhDZARIsALHjIKcPmTWO
WvH56RxRrpoQxRJSiYDxAkH-maF0ZZ_JmP79i-
xo1vZYyo8aAqJvEALw_wcB.
Nouwens, Meia (2021). The Evolving Nature of China’s Military Diplomacy: From
Visits to Vaccines. The International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS).
Office of the Secretary of Deffence United States of America (2020). Annual
Report to Congress: Military and Security Developments Involving the
People’s Republic of China.
Pallaver, Matteo (2011). Power and Its Forms: Hard, Soft, Smart. Thesis for the
Degree of Master of Philosophy (A Thesis Submitted to the Department of
International Relations of the London School of Economics for Degree of
Master of Philosophy). London: The London School of Economics and
Political Science.
Plan of Action to Implement the Joint Declaration on ASEAN-China Strategic
Partnership for Peace and Prosperity (2016-2020). Available at:
https://www.asean.org/storage/images/2015/November/27th-summit/ASEAN-
China%20POA%20%202016-2020.pdf.
Plan of Action to Implement the ASEAN-China Strategic Partnership for Peace and Prosperity (2021–2025). Available at: https://asean.org/storage/2012/05/
ASEAN-China-POA-2021-2025.pdf.
Podberozkin, Alexey Ivanovich (2016). Military Power and Politics of New Public
Diplomacy. Scientific and Analytical Journal Observer, 12(323), 15-25. (in
Russia)
Raska, Michael & Bitzinger, Richard A. (2020). Strategic Contours of China’s
Arms Transfers. Strategic Studies Quarterly- Perspective, 91-116.
SIPRI YEARBOOK (2019). Armaments, Disarmament and International Security
(Summery). Stockholm International Peace Research Institute.
SIPRI YEARBOOK (2020). Armaments, Disarmament and International Security
(Summery). Stockholm International Research Institute.
Smith, Steven J. (2017). Winning Friends and Influencing People with Guns:
Understanding the Growth of China’s Military Diplomacy. A Dissertation
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor
of Philosophy. University of Washington. ProQuest Number: 10138530.
Southerland, Matthew (2019). The Chinese Military’s Role in Overseas
Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief: Contributions and Concerns.
U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission.
Wiharta, Sharon; Ahmad, Hassan; Haine, Jean-Yves; Löfgren, Josefina & Randall,
Tim (2008). The Effectiveness of Foreign Military Assets in Natural Disaster
response. A Report by the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute
(SIPRI): Sweden.
Wilson III, Ernest J. (2008). Hard Power, Soft Power, Smart Power. The Anuals of
the American Academy of Political and Social Science. Published by: SAGE,
110-124.
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