Document Type : Original Article
Authors
University of Guilan
Abstract
The security crisis in Afghanistan decreased between 2001-2008 due to the fall of the Taliban regime and the role of the United States and NATO in that country. However, violence, casualties, terrorist attacks, the activities of terrorist groups and warlords, feelings of insecurity among ordinary citizens and political elites, as well as the instability of Afghanistan's institutions and political system, have increased since 2008. Simultaneously, the role of regional actors in supporting non-governmental and local groups have expanded over time. This article seeks to answer the question of what factors contributed to the spread of insecurity and security crises in Afghanistan from since 2008? To answer this question, security theories and in particular the approaches of Barry Buzan, Mohammad Ayoob, and Richard Little have been used. The findings illustrate that differences in the idea of government influenced by ethnicity and religion, fragmented society, declining government legitimacy, terrorist groups and warlords and the relationship of these factors with the security environment in which more powerful states such as Pakistan are playing have expanded Afghanistan's security challenges since 2008.
Keywords
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Buzan, B. (1983). People, States and Fear: National Security Problem in
International Relations. Wheatsheaf Books
Bhatia, M & Sedra, M (2008). Afghanistan, Arm and Conflict. Routledge.
Buzan B & Richard, L. (2000). International Systems in World History: Remaking
the Study of International Relations. Oxford university press.
Fair, C, Crane, K, Chivvis, C.S, Puri, S & Spirtas, M (2010). Pakistan Can the
United States Secure an Insecure State?, RAND Corporation.
Clark K & Bijlert, M.V (2019). "Afghanistan’s 2019 Election (13): Observations
from Kandahar, Takhar, Wardak and Balkh (2019). Afghanistan Analysis
Network. Report
Cordesman A. H. (2016). "Afghanistan: The Uncertain Impact of a Year of
Transition", CSIS. Available at: https://www.csis.org/analysis/afghanistan-
uncertain-impact-year-transition-0.
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https://english.alarabiya.net/features/2017/01/17/Analysis-Iran-s-game-plan-
in-Afghanistan.
Dorsey J M. (2017). "In Shadowy Covert Wars, Iran Takes Center Stage, Begin-
Sadat Center for Strategic Studies", BESA Center Perspectives Paper, No.
641.
European Asylum Office (2016). Afghanistan Security Situation Update. Country
of Origin Information Report.
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Mifflin Harcourt.
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Research and Policy Analysis.
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https://www.hamshahrionline.ir/news/150185/.
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Struggle to Build an Afghan Nation. Strategic Studies Institute, Report, US
Army War College
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Organizational Capacity in Afghanistan and Pakistan. US Military Academy,
Combating Terrorism Center at West Point.
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Study". RAND Corporation. Vol. 4.
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Afghanistan. Institute for the Study of War.
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Afghanistan: Mythological Approaches. ResearchGate
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Pragmatism. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, Solna.
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Afghanistan". Journal of Strategic Studies.
Krause K. (1998). "Theorizing Security, State Formation and the 'Third World' in
the Post-Cold War World The Third World Security Predicament: State
Making, Regional Conflict and the International System by Mohammed
Ayoob". Review of International Studies, Vol. 24, No. 1.
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External Stabilization". Canadian Foreign Policy Journal.
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Implication 2015", CIDOB Policy Research Project. Available at:
https://www.cidob.org/en/
publications/publication_series/project_papers/stap_rp/policy_research_papers
/afghanistan_overview_of_sources_of_tension_with_regional_implications_20
15.
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Drawdown". RAND Corporation.
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Outcomes". Japanese Journal of Political Science. Vol 14. Issues3. 421-445. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1468109913000170.
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and Grouping", UNHCR Emergency & Security Service. CNRS, Paris.
Oztig, L. I. (2018). "Pakistan's Border Policies and Security Dynamics along the
Pakistan-Afghanistan Border". Journal of Borderlands Studies, 35:2, 211-226,
DOI: 10.1080/08865655.2018.1545598.
Pattanaik S.S. (2013). Afghanistan and Its Neighborhood in Search of a Stable
Future. Institute for Defense Studies and Analyses (IDSA).
Peceny M & Bosin Y. (2011). Winning with warlords in Afghanistan, Small War &
Insurgencies, 22:4, 603-618, DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2011.599166.
Rama, L (2011). "India and Afghanistan Sing Security and Trade Pact".
washengtonpost. Available at: www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia-
pacific/india-and-afghanistan-sign-security-and-trad-
pact/2011/10/04/qlQAHLOOLL_story.html.
Saikhal A. (2013). Afghanistan Attitude toward the region. Palgrave Macmillan.
Security Council, S/2011/55, Report of the Secretary-General on Children and
Armed Conflict in Afghanistan, UN.
Seddique Q. (2011). Pakistan’s Future Policy Towards Afghanistan: A Look at
Strategic Depth, Militant Movements and the role of India the US. Danish
Institute for International Studies.
Tarzi A. (2007). "Afghanistan: Kabul Mulls Relations with Iran". Radio Free
Europe. Available at: https://www.rferl.org/a/1075333.html.
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Afghanistan: U.S. Air Force Roles. Rand Corporation.
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Security, A/65/783–S/2011/120*, General Assembly & UNSC, report of
Secretary-General.
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Security, A/66/369–S/2011/590, General Assembly & UNSC, Report of
secretary-General.
The Situation in Afghanistan and its Implication for International Peace and
Security, A/73/374–S/2018/824, General Assembly & UNSC, 2018, Report of
the Secretary-General.
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Security, A/68/910–S/2014/420, General Assembly &UNSC, Agenda item 37.
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the Secretary –General.
The Situation in Afghanistan and its Implications for International Peace and
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