Document Type : Original Article
Authors
1 Professor at Shahid Beheshti University
2 Graduate of International Relations Masters at Shahid Beheshti University
Abstract
Resistive economy pattern to be executed requires the presence of all institutions, ministries, and organizations of the country so that they can make possible the implementation of this pattern by complementary planning. The present research, with the aim of providing appropriate requirements for foreign policy to strengthen the national economy, seeks to answer the main question, what are the foreign policy requirements of Iran in realizing the pattern of the resistive economy? This research tries to use the descriptive-analytical method and using the model of "Political Economy of Foreign Policy Based on the Realization of the Resistive Economy Pattern" to explain strategic plans and requirements of the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran for achieving resistive economics. The method of collecting information is also libraries and documents. The findings of the research show that Iran's foreign policy by activating the coordination role (coordinating other institutions and ministries), opportunity building (the de-securitization of the country, constructive interaction with the countries of the region and the world), and pave the way in both domestic and foreign areas (facilitating trade, facilitating banking exchanges the use of Currency Swap and Block-Chain payment system), can take a step in
Keywords
Abdul Maliki, Hujatullah (2015). Economic Strength; An Introduction to the
Principles. Policies and Action Plan. Tehran: Imam Sadiq University: Sadid
Publishing. Second Edition. (In Persian).
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https://www.afkarnews.com. (In Persian).
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Field of Economic Diplomacy in the Framework of the Development Plan
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Agharebparast, M., & Zeinali, A. (2016). "The Role of Foreign Policy and
International Relations in Economic Development Based on the Philosophy of
Liberalism". Journal of Social Science Studies, 4(1), 1.
Asghari, Mahmoud (2015). "Economic Strength; What, why, Principles,
Components, Goals and Strategies (in the words of the Supreme Leader)".
Islamic Social Studies, No. 1. (In Persian).
Bagheri, Ali; Mousavi, Mostafa (2018). "The Concept of Resistive Economics and
Explaining Its Role and Position in the Post-Prohibition Period". Quarterly
Journal of Fiscal and Economic Policies, No. 24. (In Persian).
Bani Taba, Seyed Mehdi; Hosseini Dolatabadi, Seyed Mehdi (2018). Analysis of the Situation in the Foreign Exchange Market, Reviewing Government Actions
and Providing Additional Proposals. Research Center of the Islamic
Consultative Assembly. (In Persian).
Bhagwati, J. N. (1988). "Export-Promoting Trade Strategy: Issues and Evidence".
The World Bank Research Observer, 27-57.
Bolesta, A. (2007). "China as a Developmental State". Montenegrin Journal of
Economics, 3(5), 105-111.
Caldentey, E. P. (2008). "The Concept and Evolution of the Developmental State.
International Journal of Political Economy, 37(3), 27-53.
Celli, M. (2013). "Determinants of Economies of Scale in Large Businesses--A
Survey on UE Listed Firms". American Journal of Industrial and Business
Management, 3(3), 255.
Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran, available at: https://www.cbi.ir. (In
Persian).
Dadzie, R. B. (2012). "Developmental State and Economic Development:
Prospects for Sub-Saharan Africa". Journal of Sustainable Development, 5(9),
14.
Daneshnia, Farhad (2012). "Development-oriented Economic Diplomacy and
Foreign Policy, Tools for the Success of the Development Strategy of the
Islamic Republic of Iran in the Global Economy". Journal Strategic Studies of
Public Policy, No. 9. (In Persian).
Dehghani Firoozabadi, Seyed Jalal (2009). "New Diplomacy in the Middle East of
Iran: Necessities and Requirements". on pages 234-179. Book of New
Diplomacy: Essays in the Foreign Policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran.
Tehran: Ministry of Foreign Affairs. (In Persian).
Dehghani Firoozabadi, Seyed Jalal, Damanpak Jami, Morteza (2016). "Economic
Diplomacy of the Islamic Republic of Iran in Central Asia; Assessing 25
Years of Economic Relations between Iran and the Republics after
Independence". Journal of Central Asia and The Caucasus Studies, No. 96.
(In Persian).
Dixon, Anna (2008). Development and International Relations. Translator:
Hossein Pourahmadi, Tehran: Research Institute for Strategic Studies. (In
Persian).
Donya-e-Eqtesad Newspaper, "The Beginning of Competition in Asia", May 20, 2018, available at: https://donya-e-eqtesad.com. (In Persian).
Evans, Peter (2001). Development or Plunder: the Role of Government in
Industrial Transformation. Translation: Abbas Zandbaf and Abbas Mokhber,
Tehran: Publications of Tarh-E-No. (In Persian).
Foreignpolicy, "Europe’s Sanctions-Blocking Threats Are Empty". 20 February
2018, Accessible in: https://foreignpolicy.com.
Fritz, V., & Menocal, A. R. (2007). "Developmental States in the New Millennium:
Concepts and Challenges for a New Aid Agenda". Development Policy
Review, 25(5), 531-552.
Gelb, S. (2006, September). "A South African developmental state: What is
possible? In Harold Wolpe Memorial Trust’s Tenth Anniversary Colloquium".
Engaging Silences and Unresolved Issues in the Political Economy of South
Africa. 21-23.
Güngören, A. F. (2015). "Oiling the Iranian Foreign Policy; Oil in the Foreign
Policy Orientation of Iran during the Presidency of Ahmadinejad 2005-2013"
(Bachelor's thesis).
Habibi, Rahman (2017). "Obstacles to the Realization of the Resistive Economy in
the Islamic Republic of Iran; From the Perspective of Discourse Analysis".
Proceedings of the 11th National Congress of Pioneers of Progress, Tehran:
Center for the Islamic-Iranian Model of Progress. (In Persian).
Habibi, Rahman (2018). "The Necessity of Revising the Currency Policy: Looking
at the Effect of Exchange Rate on Iran’s Trade Balance and National
Production during 2001-2016", Quarterly Journal of The Macro and Strategic
Policies, Special Issue. (In Persian).
Heydari, Mansouri; Qarbi, Mohammad Javad (2016). "Research on the Meaning
and Concept of Resistive Economy in the Islamic Republic of Iran". Journal
of Defense Policy, No. 97. (In Persian).
Indexmundi, Accessible in: https://www.indexmundi.com.
Intracen, Accessible in: http://www.intracen.org.
Investopedia, Accessible in: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/currencyswap.
Iran Trade Development Organization, available at: https://tpo.ir/ (In Persian).
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available at: http://www.irna.ir. (In Persian).
Islamian, Mojtaba, Habibi, Rahman (2020). "Political Economy in Foreign Policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran; Emphasizing the Foreign Policy of the
Developmentalist State". Quarterly Foreign Relations, No. 46. (In Persian).
Janan Sefat, Mohammad Sadegh (2017). "Resistive Economics from the
Perspective of Political Economy". Rasaneh Magazine, Special Issue of
Resistive Economics. (In Persian).
Jarzabek, J. (2016). GCC Military Spending in Era of Low Oil Prices. Middle East
Institute, Policy Focus Series.
Jathol, I., Qazafi, M., & Husain, T. (2017). "Iran’s Changing Foreign Policy
Trends", Asian Social Science, 13(6), 95.
Kamali Ardakani, Masoud (2005). "World Trade Organization Attitudes Toward
Regional Business Arrangements", Commercial Surveys, No. 16. (In Persian).
Latifi, Gholamreza (2009). "Perspectives on Development", Journal of Social
Sciences, No. 20. (In Persian).
Leftwich, A. (2011). "Developmental States, Effective States, and Poverty
Reduction: The Primacy of Politics". Indian Journal of Human Development,
5, 387-411.
Leftwich, Adrian, and Steve Hogg. (2007). "The Case for Leadership and the
Primacy of Politics in Building Effective States, Institutions and Governance
for Sustainable Growth and Social Development", Background Paper 1.
Maroufkhani, Parisa. (2015). "The Developmental State: Theoretical
Understanding of the State and Economic Development in East Asia".
Microrate, Accessible, available at:
http://www.microrate.com/media/docs/investment/VI-Guide-to-Cross-
Currency-Swaps.pdf.
Moqavemati News, "The Chairman of the Chamber of Commerce protests against
the lack of a coherent industrial policy in the country", September 11, 2017,
available at: http://moqavemati.net. (In Persian).
Mousavi Shafaei, Masoud; Naghdi, Farzaneh (2015). "Iran's International Political
Economy in the Post-Prohibition Period". Quarterly Foreign Relations, No.
28. (In Persian).
Mousavi, Seyed Ataullah (2016). Resistive Economics and Foreign Policy, Qom:
Zamzam Hedayat Publications. (In Persian).
Nakanishi, H. (2015). "The Construction of the Sanctions Regime Against Iran:
Political Dimensions of Unilateralism", In Economic Sanctions under nternational Law (pp. 23-41). TMC Asser Press, The Hague.
Nephew, Richard (2018). The Art of Sanctions, An Inside View, Translation.
Research Center of the Islamic Consultative Assembly. (In Persian).
Nettitude, Accessible in: https://www.nettitude.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/
Nettitude-SWIFT-Threat-Advisory-Report-client.pdf
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Development Strategies". Briefing Paper TDP, 7, 2008.
Pourahmadi, Hossein (2002). "Political Economy of Government Interaction and
World Order in Foreign Policy Formulation: The Necessity of New Research
in Foreign Policy". Journal of Foreign Policy, No. 4. (In Persian).
Routley, L. (2012). Developmental States: A Review of the Literature.
RT, “Russia & China to Extend Currency Swap Agreement to Lessen Dollar
Dependence”, 31 Oct 2017, Accessible in: https://www.rt.com.
Samii Nasab, Mustafa (2014). "Economic Diplomacy, Strategies for Countering
Economic Sanctions in the System of Resistive Economics", Scientific Journal
of Security Horizons, No. 25. (In Persian).
Shapoori, Mehdi; Mousavi Shafaei, Masoud and Soltaninejad, Ahmad (2017).
"Security and Development Ratio; Foreign Policy Requirements", Journal of
Strategic Studies, No. 2. (In Persian).
Siddiqui, K. (2010). "The Political Economy of Development in Singapore".
Research in Applied Economics, 2(2).
Simes, Dimitri (2020). "China and Russia Ditch Dollar in Move Toward 'Financial
Alliance'", Available at: The Nickel Asia https://asia.nikkei.
com/Politics/International-relations/China-and-Russia-ditch-dollar-in-move-
toward-financial-alliance
SIPRI, Accessible in: https://www.sipri.org.
Soleimani Pourlak, Fatemeh (2015). "Requirements for Strengthening the
Economic Diplomacy of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the Post-Sanctions
Situation", Research Center of the Islamic Consultative Assembly, Serial
Number 14728. (In Persian).
Soleimani, Fatemeh (2016). "Challenges and Necessities of Iran's Economic
Diplomacy and Its Requirements in the Field of Foreign Policy". Journal of
Majlis and Rahbord, No. 88. (In Persian).
Spohr, A. P., & Silva, A. L. R. D. (2017). "Foreign Policy’s Role in Promoting Development: the Brazilian and Turkish Cases". Contexto Internacional,
39(1), 157-178.
Supreme Leader (20 February 2014). "Communication of the General Policies of
the Resistive Economy", The Official Website of the Office for the
Preservation and Publication of the Works of the Grand Ayatollah Sayyed Ali
Khamenei, available at: http://farsi.khamenei.ir/news-content?id=25370. (In
Persian).
Supreme Leader (21 March 2014). "Speech of the Supreme Leader of the
Revolution in the Holy Shrine of Razavi", The Official Website of the Office
for the Preservation and Publication of the Works of the Grand Ayatollah
Sayyed Ali Khamenei, available at: http://farsi.khamenei.ir/speech-
content?id=25993. (In Persian).
Supreme Leader (11 March 2014). "Meeting to Explain the Policies of the
Resistive Economy". The Official Website of the Office for the Preservation
and Publication of the Works of the Grand Ayatollah Sayyed Ali Khamenei,
available at: http://farsi.khamenei.ir/speech-content?id=25795. (In Persian).
Supreme Leader (23 June 2015). "Meeting with the Officials of the System". The
Official Website of the Office for the Preservation and Publication of the
Works of the Grand Ayatollah Sayyed Ali Khamenei, available at:
http://farsi.khamenei.ir/speech-content?id=30069. (In Persian).
Supreme Leader (20 March 2016). "Statements in the community of pilgrims and
neighbors of the holy shrine of Razavi". The Official Website of the Office for
the Preservation and Publication of the Works of the Grand Ayatollah Sayyed
Ali Khamenei, available at: http://farsi.khamenei.ir/speech-content?id=32695.
(In Persian).
Tai, W. P., & Soong, J. J. (2014). "Trade Relations between China and Southeast:
Asia Strategy and Challenge". Chinese Economy, 47(3), 23-39.
Wee, J. S., Phang, S. N., & Khalil, S. (2018). The Role of Political Elites in the
Development of New Villages in Malaysia. Development, 8(2).
WTO, "the Regional Trade Agreements Information System (RTA-IS)", available
at: http://rtais.wto.org.
Yu, F. L. T. (2017). "Neo-Mercantilist Policy and China's Rise as a Global Power".
Contemporary Chinese Political Economy and Strategic Relations, 3(3),
1043-XV.
Principles. Policies and Action Plan. Tehran: Imam Sadiq University: Sadid
Publishing. Second Edition. (In Persian).
Afkar News, "Swift is open but does not work", April 5, 2016, available at:
https://www.afkarnews.com. (In Persian).
Afzali, Rasoul; Kiani, Vahid (2012), "Evaluation of Iran's Foreign Policy in the
Field of Economic Diplomacy in the Framework of the Development Plan
2010-2015". Political-Economic Ettelaat, No. 289. (In Persian).
Agharebparast, M., & Zeinali, A. (2016). "The Role of Foreign Policy and
International Relations in Economic Development Based on the Philosophy of
Liberalism". Journal of Social Science Studies, 4(1), 1.
Asghari, Mahmoud (2015). "Economic Strength; What, why, Principles,
Components, Goals and Strategies (in the words of the Supreme Leader)".
Islamic Social Studies, No. 1. (In Persian).
Bagheri, Ali; Mousavi, Mostafa (2018). "The Concept of Resistive Economics and
Explaining Its Role and Position in the Post-Prohibition Period". Quarterly
Journal of Fiscal and Economic Policies, No. 24. (In Persian).
Bani Taba, Seyed Mehdi; Hosseini Dolatabadi, Seyed Mehdi (2018). Analysis of the Situation in the Foreign Exchange Market, Reviewing Government Actions
and Providing Additional Proposals. Research Center of the Islamic
Consultative Assembly. (In Persian).
Bhagwati, J. N. (1988). "Export-Promoting Trade Strategy: Issues and Evidence".
The World Bank Research Observer, 27-57.
Bolesta, A. (2007). "China as a Developmental State". Montenegrin Journal of
Economics, 3(5), 105-111.
Caldentey, E. P. (2008). "The Concept and Evolution of the Developmental State.
International Journal of Political Economy, 37(3), 27-53.
Celli, M. (2013). "Determinants of Economies of Scale in Large Businesses--A
Survey on UE Listed Firms". American Journal of Industrial and Business
Management, 3(3), 255.
Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran, available at: https://www.cbi.ir. (In
Persian).
Dadzie, R. B. (2012). "Developmental State and Economic Development:
Prospects for Sub-Saharan Africa". Journal of Sustainable Development, 5(9),
14.
Daneshnia, Farhad (2012). "Development-oriented Economic Diplomacy and
Foreign Policy, Tools for the Success of the Development Strategy of the
Islamic Republic of Iran in the Global Economy". Journal Strategic Studies of
Public Policy, No. 9. (In Persian).
Dehghani Firoozabadi, Seyed Jalal (2009). "New Diplomacy in the Middle East of
Iran: Necessities and Requirements". on pages 234-179. Book of New
Diplomacy: Essays in the Foreign Policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran.
Tehran: Ministry of Foreign Affairs. (In Persian).
Dehghani Firoozabadi, Seyed Jalal, Damanpak Jami, Morteza (2016). "Economic
Diplomacy of the Islamic Republic of Iran in Central Asia; Assessing 25
Years of Economic Relations between Iran and the Republics after
Independence". Journal of Central Asia and The Caucasus Studies, No. 96.
(In Persian).
Dixon, Anna (2008). Development and International Relations. Translator:
Hossein Pourahmadi, Tehran: Research Institute for Strategic Studies. (In
Persian).
Donya-e-Eqtesad Newspaper, "The Beginning of Competition in Asia", May 20, 2018, available at: https://donya-e-eqtesad.com. (In Persian).
Evans, Peter (2001). Development or Plunder: the Role of Government in
Industrial Transformation. Translation: Abbas Zandbaf and Abbas Mokhber,
Tehran: Publications of Tarh-E-No. (In Persian).
Foreignpolicy, "Europe’s Sanctions-Blocking Threats Are Empty". 20 February
2018, Accessible in: https://foreignpolicy.com.
Fritz, V., & Menocal, A. R. (2007). "Developmental States in the New Millennium:
Concepts and Challenges for a New Aid Agenda". Development Policy
Review, 25(5), 531-552.
Gelb, S. (2006, September). "A South African developmental state: What is
possible? In Harold Wolpe Memorial Trust’s Tenth Anniversary Colloquium".
Engaging Silences and Unresolved Issues in the Political Economy of South
Africa. 21-23.
Güngören, A. F. (2015). "Oiling the Iranian Foreign Policy; Oil in the Foreign
Policy Orientation of Iran during the Presidency of Ahmadinejad 2005-2013"
(Bachelor's thesis).
Habibi, Rahman (2017). "Obstacles to the Realization of the Resistive Economy in
the Islamic Republic of Iran; From the Perspective of Discourse Analysis".
Proceedings of the 11th National Congress of Pioneers of Progress, Tehran:
Center for the Islamic-Iranian Model of Progress. (In Persian).
Habibi, Rahman (2018). "The Necessity of Revising the Currency Policy: Looking
at the Effect of Exchange Rate on Iran’s Trade Balance and National
Production during 2001-2016", Quarterly Journal of The Macro and Strategic
Policies, Special Issue. (In Persian).
Heydari, Mansouri; Qarbi, Mohammad Javad (2016). "Research on the Meaning
and Concept of Resistive Economy in the Islamic Republic of Iran". Journal
of Defense Policy, No. 97. (In Persian).
Indexmundi, Accessible in: https://www.indexmundi.com.
Intracen, Accessible in: http://www.intracen.org.
Investopedia, Accessible in: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/currencyswap.
Iran Trade Development Organization, available at: https://tpo.ir/ (In Persian).
IRNA News Agency, "Iraqi Kirkuk crude oil swap keyed to Iran", June 3, 2018,
available at: http://www.irna.ir. (In Persian).
Islamian, Mojtaba, Habibi, Rahman (2020). "Political Economy in Foreign Policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran; Emphasizing the Foreign Policy of the
Developmentalist State". Quarterly Foreign Relations, No. 46. (In Persian).
Janan Sefat, Mohammad Sadegh (2017). "Resistive Economics from the
Perspective of Political Economy". Rasaneh Magazine, Special Issue of
Resistive Economics. (In Persian).
Jarzabek, J. (2016). GCC Military Spending in Era of Low Oil Prices. Middle East
Institute, Policy Focus Series.
Jathol, I., Qazafi, M., & Husain, T. (2017). "Iran’s Changing Foreign Policy
Trends", Asian Social Science, 13(6), 95.
Kamali Ardakani, Masoud (2005). "World Trade Organization Attitudes Toward
Regional Business Arrangements", Commercial Surveys, No. 16. (In Persian).
Latifi, Gholamreza (2009). "Perspectives on Development", Journal of Social
Sciences, No. 20. (In Persian).
Leftwich, A. (2011). "Developmental States, Effective States, and Poverty
Reduction: The Primacy of Politics". Indian Journal of Human Development,
5, 387-411.
Leftwich, Adrian, and Steve Hogg. (2007). "The Case for Leadership and the
Primacy of Politics in Building Effective States, Institutions and Governance
for Sustainable Growth and Social Development", Background Paper 1.
Maroufkhani, Parisa. (2015). "The Developmental State: Theoretical
Understanding of the State and Economic Development in East Asia".
Microrate, Accessible, available at:
http://www.microrate.com/media/docs/investment/VI-Guide-to-Cross-
Currency-Swaps.pdf.
Moqavemati News, "The Chairman of the Chamber of Commerce protests against
the lack of a coherent industrial policy in the country", September 11, 2017,
available at: http://moqavemati.net. (In Persian).
Mousavi Shafaei, Masoud; Naghdi, Farzaneh (2015). "Iran's International Political
Economy in the Post-Prohibition Period". Quarterly Foreign Relations, No.
28. (In Persian).
Mousavi, Seyed Ataullah (2016). Resistive Economics and Foreign Policy, Qom:
Zamzam Hedayat Publications. (In Persian).
Nakanishi, H. (2015). "The Construction of the Sanctions Regime Against Iran:
Political Dimensions of Unilateralism", In Economic Sanctions under nternational Law (pp. 23-41). TMC Asser Press, The Hague.
Nephew, Richard (2018). The Art of Sanctions, An Inside View, Translation.
Research Center of the Islamic Consultative Assembly. (In Persian).
Nettitude, Accessible in: https://www.nettitude.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/
Nettitude-SWIFT-Threat-Advisory-Report-client.pdf
Pahariya, N. C. (2008). "Import Substitution and Export Promotion as
Development Strategies". Briefing Paper TDP, 7, 2008.
Pourahmadi, Hossein (2002). "Political Economy of Government Interaction and
World Order in Foreign Policy Formulation: The Necessity of New Research
in Foreign Policy". Journal of Foreign Policy, No. 4. (In Persian).
Routley, L. (2012). Developmental States: A Review of the Literature.
RT, “Russia & China to Extend Currency Swap Agreement to Lessen Dollar
Dependence”, 31 Oct 2017, Accessible in: https://www.rt.com.
Samii Nasab, Mustafa (2014). "Economic Diplomacy, Strategies for Countering
Economic Sanctions in the System of Resistive Economics", Scientific Journal
of Security Horizons, No. 25. (In Persian).
Shapoori, Mehdi; Mousavi Shafaei, Masoud and Soltaninejad, Ahmad (2017).
"Security and Development Ratio; Foreign Policy Requirements", Journal of
Strategic Studies, No. 2. (In Persian).
Siddiqui, K. (2010). "The Political Economy of Development in Singapore".
Research in Applied Economics, 2(2).
Simes, Dimitri (2020). "China and Russia Ditch Dollar in Move Toward 'Financial
Alliance'", Available at: The Nickel Asia https://asia.nikkei.
com/Politics/International-relations/China-and-Russia-ditch-dollar-in-move-
toward-financial-alliance
SIPRI, Accessible in: https://www.sipri.org.
Soleimani Pourlak, Fatemeh (2015). "Requirements for Strengthening the
Economic Diplomacy of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the Post-Sanctions
Situation", Research Center of the Islamic Consultative Assembly, Serial
Number 14728. (In Persian).
Soleimani, Fatemeh (2016). "Challenges and Necessities of Iran's Economic
Diplomacy and Its Requirements in the Field of Foreign Policy". Journal of
Majlis and Rahbord, No. 88. (In Persian).
Spohr, A. P., & Silva, A. L. R. D. (2017). "Foreign Policy’s Role in Promoting Development: the Brazilian and Turkish Cases". Contexto Internacional,
39(1), 157-178.
Supreme Leader (20 February 2014). "Communication of the General Policies of
the Resistive Economy", The Official Website of the Office for the
Preservation and Publication of the Works of the Grand Ayatollah Sayyed Ali
Khamenei, available at: http://farsi.khamenei.ir/news-content?id=25370. (In
Persian).
Supreme Leader (21 March 2014). "Speech of the Supreme Leader of the
Revolution in the Holy Shrine of Razavi", The Official Website of the Office
for the Preservation and Publication of the Works of the Grand Ayatollah
Sayyed Ali Khamenei, available at: http://farsi.khamenei.ir/speech-
content?id=25993. (In Persian).
Supreme Leader (11 March 2014). "Meeting to Explain the Policies of the
Resistive Economy". The Official Website of the Office for the Preservation
and Publication of the Works of the Grand Ayatollah Sayyed Ali Khamenei,
available at: http://farsi.khamenei.ir/speech-content?id=25795. (In Persian).
Supreme Leader (23 June 2015). "Meeting with the Officials of the System". The
Official Website of the Office for the Preservation and Publication of the
Works of the Grand Ayatollah Sayyed Ali Khamenei, available at:
http://farsi.khamenei.ir/speech-content?id=30069. (In Persian).
Supreme Leader (20 March 2016). "Statements in the community of pilgrims and
neighbors of the holy shrine of Razavi". The Official Website of the Office for
the Preservation and Publication of the Works of the Grand Ayatollah Sayyed
Ali Khamenei, available at: http://farsi.khamenei.ir/speech-content?id=32695.
(In Persian).
Tai, W. P., & Soong, J. J. (2014). "Trade Relations between China and Southeast:
Asia Strategy and Challenge". Chinese Economy, 47(3), 23-39.
Wee, J. S., Phang, S. N., & Khalil, S. (2018). The Role of Political Elites in the
Development of New Villages in Malaysia. Development, 8(2).
WTO, "the Regional Trade Agreements Information System (RTA-IS)", available
at: http://rtais.wto.org.
Yu, F. L. T. (2017). "Neo-Mercantilist Policy and China's Rise as a Global Power".
Contemporary Chinese Political Economy and Strategic Relations, 3(3),
1043-XV.
)
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