The Impact and the Role of the Middle Eastern and North African Diaspora in Shaping Identity Crises in European Countries

Document Type : مقالات

https://doi.org/10.22067/ijip.v9i1.86639

Abstract

 
The migration from the Middle East and North Africa to Europe due to war and insecurity over the past two decades has led to the formation of Diaspora groups in Europe, which has raised growing concerns in the European society. Far-right parties as well as other political parties believe that the existence of Middle East and North African Diaspora will create identity crises across the Europe. The aim of this research paper is to examine the impact of Middle East and North African Diaspora on the formation of identity crises in European countries and the response of right-wing parties from the perspective of international relations, whereas the method of gathering research data and information is carried out through library studies, including but not limited to documents, books, major national and international journals and theories of the doctrine of international relations. After a conceptual study, taking into consideration the migratory background of African and Middle Eastern countries and the reaction of far-right parties to the Diaspora, identity and its contributing parameters have also been evaluated. Findings of the paper show that the creation of contributory factors to identity crisis and deviation from the underlying factors of collective identity also bring about identity crisis. The identity crisis of the European society has two dimensions, namely national-cultural and national-political identity crisis; while the parameters of cognition and belief affect national-cultural identity, the psychological ones have an impact on national-political identity. Furthermore, the response of far-right parties from different political strands shows that they hold a common view of the Diaspora and consider it a serious threat to their identity. Given the need for young labor force and the aging population in Europe, an identity crisis will be inevitable despite the opposition of far-right parties.
 

Keywords

Diaspora Immigrants Identity Middle Eastern North Africa

---

References

 

References

Abedi, A. (2004). Anti-Political Establishment Parties, London:Routledge. 12.

Abulhassan Shirazi, H., & Nikoo, H. (2015). Place of Culture in Common European Identity and the European Union Integration, Studies of International Relations Journal (political Science and International Relations Journal), 9 (29), 9-41 (in Persian).

 AbulHassani, S. R. (2009). national identity elements with researchial approach,

Political Quarterly of the University of Tehran, 38(4), 1-22(in Persian).

Adamson, F. (2006). Crossing borders: international migration and national security, International Security, 31 (1), 499-501.

Amghar, S. (2007). Europe Islam; Challenges for Public Policy and Society, Centre for European Policy Studies, Brussles. 2.

Art, D. (2011). Inside the Radical Right: The Development of Anti-Immigrant Parties in Western Europe. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Ashraf Nazari A., & Salimi, B. (2016). Multi-Culturalism, Islam and the Islamic Diaspora in France: Analysis of the problem of radical Islam, Quarterly Journal of Political Research in Islamic World, 6 (1),171-194(in Persian).

Ashtarian, K. (2003). Cultural policy approach Tehran, Ashna Book Publishing, 10 (in Persian).

Ayoubi, H., & Noorbakhsh, S.N. (2013). Expansion of the extreme right in Europe, International Relations Studies (Journal of International Relations), 6(3), 77-119(in Persian).

Baser, B., & Amira, H. (2019). Diasporas from the Middle East: Displacement, Transnational Identities and Homeland Politics. British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 46(2), 215–221. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13530194.

2019.1569308.

Bahmani, M. (2017). Diasporas and National Interests of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the Era of Globalization, Political Knowledge, 12(2), 91-116 (in Persian).

Bassam, T. (2007). A Migration Story: From Muslim Immigrants to European Citizens of the Heart?, The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs,(31) winter. 157.

Baubock, K., & Thomas, F. (2004). Diaspora and transnationalism: concepts, theories & methods, Amsterdam: Amsterdam university press.21.

Beauchemin, C. (2015). Migration between Africa AND Europe (MAFE): Reflections on the design and limits of a multi-site survey. Population, 70(1), 13-39. doi:10.3917/popu.1501.0013.

Bellow, E. (2010). European Identity: Does Europe Exist? Retrieved from: http://www.wirtschaft.fh-dortmund.de.

Brie, M. a. (2012). Cultural Identity, Diversity and European Integration, Introductory Study, Published in Annals University of Oradea,International Relations and European Studies, 7-20.

Brubaker, R. (2005). The ‘diaspora’ diaspora, Ethnic and Racial Studies, 28 (1). 4-6.

Butler, K. D. (2001). Defining Diaspora, Refining a Discourse Diaspora. Journal of Transnational Studies, 10(2), 189-219.

Cesari, J. (2014). When Islam and Democracy Meet: Muslim in Europe and in the United States, New York: Palgrave. 15.

Coffé, H.; B, H., & J., V. (2009). Fertile Grounds for Extreme Right-wing Parties: Explaining the Vlaams Blok’s Electoral Success, Electoral Studies. 26, 322-329.

Cohen, R. (1997). Global Diasporas: An Introduction. London: UCL Press.

Cohen, R. (1997). Diasporas, the nation-state, and globalization, in Wang Gungwu (ed.), Global History and Migrations. Boulder, C.I.O: Westview Press. 263-285.

Declaration on European Identity. (2013). (Copenhagen, 14 December1973) Retrieved from: http://www.cvce.eu/obj.

Dehshiri, M.& Ghasemi, R. (2017). The rise of the far right and its impact on the future of Muslims in Europe, Tehran: Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Islamic Republic of Iran. 5 and 289. (in Persian).

Dirk, K. (2007). African Migration to Europe: Obscured Responsibilities and Common Misconceptions, GIGA German Institute of Global and Area Studies / Leibniz‐Institut für Globale und Regionale Studien. 3.

Ekhtiari,  A.; Rafiei, R., & Arefi, B. (2018). Middle Eastern Immigrant and Europe security, Studies of International Relations Journal (political Science and International Relations Journal), 11 (42), 73-110 (in Persian).

Friedman R., & Thiel M. (2012). European Identity and Culture:Narratives of Transnational Belonging, Ashgate Pub Co. 46-89.

Ghol Mohammadi, A. (2012). National identity and globalization. Tehran: Ney Publishing.20 (in Persian).

Goodwin, M.; Ramalingam, V., & Briggs, R. (2012). The New Radical Right: Violent and Non-violent Movements in Europe, Briefing paper, institute for Strategic Dalogue.12.

Guibernau M. (2010). Migration and the Rise of the Radical Right, Policy network. 12.

Hackett, Conrad. (2015). 5 Facts about the Muslim Population in Europe, 15 January, available on http://www.pewresearch.org/.

haghpanah, C. (2008). Kurds and the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Tehran: Abrar International Institute for Contemporary Studies and Research, 205(in Persian).

Hainsworth, P. (2008). The Extreme Right in Western Europe. New York/London: Routledge,1-7.

Haj Hosseini, H. )2002), Identity Crisis and Social Deviations, Journal of Women's Strategic Studies, 5(17), 4-49(in Persian).

Hatami, M. R., (2017), Geographical Reviewd Throughout Diaspora, Studies of International Relations Journal (political Science and International Relations Journal),  10(37); 65 - 81(in Persian).

Ignazi, P. (2003(. Extreme Right Parties in Western Europe, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 560, DOI:10.1093/0198293259.001.0001.

 International migration_wallchart, 2019.

Ionescu, D. (2006). Engaging Diasporas as Development Partners for Homeand Destination Countries: Challenges for Policymakers. Geneva International Organization for Migration, 13.

IPSC, (2011). Europe's fear of Islam in the name of defending identity: Negative consequences for Muslims. Quarterly Journal of Just Peace Diplomacy, International Center for Peace Studies (in Persian).

Javadi, A.; Mousavizadeh, A., & Mottaqi, A. (2017). The Impact of Muslim Migration on the Strengthening of the European Far Right. Journal of Political and International Approaches, 8(4), 38-62(in Persian).

Khani, H. (2017). Syrian Crisis and Increasing Muslims, Quarterly Journal of Political Research in Islamic World, 7(3), 1-26(in Persian).

Ladani S. T., & Ghobadi Z. (2016). Immigration of the Muslims of the North African Countries to France from 2000 to 2014: Opportunity or Threat, Joumal of Foreign Policy, 28(4), 657-675(in Persian).

Laeed, Z. (2016(. Colonial media and post independence experience in north Africa, Media e Colonialismo(s) , 16 )29(, 159.

Langenbacher, N., & Schellenberg, B. (2011). Is Europe on the "Right" Path? Right-Wing Extremism and Right-Wing Populism in Europe, available at: http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/do/08338.pdf

 Majidi M. R., & Hatamzade A. (2016). The Rise of Radical right partis in Europe: causes and consequences, Politic Quarterly, 46(2), 441-455(in Persian).

Mario, S. (1997). European Slave Trade from Africa from 1441 to the 1950s. The text is based on an article series published in Proletären in the summer,3-4.

Mudde, C. (2011). Who’s Afraid of the European Radical Right? Politics Abroad: Dssent. 58(4),7-11, DOI: 10.1353/dss.2011.0090.

Parvaneh, D., & Tavakoli, A. (2014). Study of the identity of the second generation of Iranians abroad, Socio-Cultural Development Journal, 1(2), 23-40 (in Persian).

Pippa, N. (2004). Radical right, available on www.pippanorris.com. 1-2.

Remnants of Money Economics, (23 June 2015), A Brief History of the Migration Phenomenon and Its Causes - Migration Story, News ID: 8810. Journal of Business. doi: http://www.tejaratefarda.com/fa/tiny/news-8810 (in Persian).

Report InternationalMigration, 2019; 4.

Roza, T. (2004). Rethinking the concept Of Diaspora: Connectivity andCommunication in a globalised world, Communication and Media Research Institute westinster Paper in Communication and Culture, 1. (1), 54.

Sabaghian A., & Khaksar M. A. (2016). Appearances of Islamophobia and Anti – Islamism In England, Journal of Political Sociology of the Islamic World, 4(8), 133-155(in Persian).

Sabbaghian, A. (2015). Failure of Multiculturalism in Europe and its Consequences for Muslims Living in the European Countries, Quarterly Journal of Political Research in Islamic World, 4(1), 1-20(in Persian).

Safran, W. (1991). Diasporas in Modern Societies: Myths of Homeland and Return. Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies 1(1), 83-99. doi:10.1353/dsp.1991.0004.

Shain, Y., & Aharon B. (2003). Diasporas and International Relations Theory. International Organization. 57 (3),109.

Sheffer, G. (1986). A New Field of Study: Modern Diasporas in International Politics. London: Croom Helm. 3.

Shirgholami, K. (2008). The Social and Political Status of Muslims in Europe, Foreign Policy Quarterly, 23(2), 395-448(in Persian).

Triandafllidou, A. (2016). Irregular Migration in Europe:Myths and Realities, Hellenic Foundation for European and Foreign Policy(ELIAMEP) and Democritus, University of Thrace, Greece.

Ware, A. (1996). Political Parties and party systems, Oxford University Press, 22.

World migration report 2020, 1561-5502, p. 8.