Document Type : مقالات

Authors

1 Associate Professor, Department of Political Science, Yasouj University

2 Assistant Professor, Department of History, Arak University

Abstract

Indonesia is one of the Muslim countries in Southeast Asia, making significant economic and political progress in recent decades. Today, this progress in the political arena is seen as the activities of various groups in the form of political parties and factions in this country's decision-making process. The main question here is, "Why have Indonesian Shiites failed to change their socio-political position and failed to find a suitable political role and position in the country?" To answer the question, based on the combination of the two theories of political mobilization and the structure of political opportunity, it can be stated that "The five components of a dispersed population, along with the weak economic strength of the Shiite people, fragmented and non-political leaders, the prevailing ideology and obstruction of the political system, the dysfunctional organization and the lack of access to influential allies and the political non-use of media opportunities had played an essential role in this situation. The findings also show that Indonesia's Shiite population does not have the necessary geographical cohesion, organizations with a synergistic and mobilizing approach, dynamic and practical ideology, and leaders with socio-political concerns. Therefore, the Shiites of this country have been deprived of the process of participation in power. In this paper, the descriptive-analytical method and library method have been used to collect and analyze data.

Keywords

References
Abaza, M. (2004). "Archipel markets of faith: jakartan da'wa and islamic gentrification", Archipel, 67(1), 173-202.
Adeney-Rissakotta, B. (2014). Dealing with diversity religion, globalization, violence, gender and disaster in indonesia. Geneva: Globethics.net Focus.
Ahmadvand, Sh. (2005). "Political mobilization in the islamic revolution of Iran and the sandinista revolution of Nicaragua", Journal of Political Science, 4(4), 4-44. (in Persian)
Akhavan Mofrad, H. (2000). "Ideology in theories of revolution - ideology, its concept and functions", Matin Research Journal, 2(9), 25-44. (in Persian)
Al Makin (2017). "Homogenizing indonesian islam: persecution of the shia Group in yogyakarta", Studia Islamika, 24(1), 1-33.
Al-Mustafa International Research Institute (2014). Reports from indonesia. Qom: Documentation Center of Institute for Regional Studies. (in Persian)
Arifin, S. (2009). "Islam and human rights in indonesia: perspectives on freedom of religin", Available at:
https://www.iclrs.org/content/blurb/files/ISLAM%20AND%20HUMAN%20RIGHTS%20IN%20INDONESIA.pdf
Asadi, M. (2007). The Islamic World. Tehran: University Publishing Center. (in Persian)
Bagheri Dolatabadi, A., & Hosseinpour, M. (2019). "Islamic Revolution and Restrictions on Reflection in Indonesia", Research Journal of the Islamic Revolution, 9 (30), 53-73. (in Persian)
Bashirieh, H. (2008). Revolution and political mobilization. Tehran: Tehran University Press. (in Persian)
Biografi Jalaluddin Rahmat (2013). Available at:
 http://www.referensimakalah.com/2013/01/biografi-jalaluddin-rahmat.html
Derakhsheh, J., & Mortazavi Emami Zavareh, S. A. (2010). "Research on Indonesian Shiites", Quarterly of Shiite Studies, 8(32), 183-218. (in Persian)
Eisinger, P. K. (1973). “The conditions of protest behavior in american cities”, in: The American Political Science Review, 67(1), 11-28.
Esposito, J. (2007). The iranian revolution: its global impact, translated by Mohsen Modir Shanehchi, Tehran: Baz Publications. (in Persian)
Fealy, G., & White, S. (2008). Expressing islam: religious life and politics in indonesia. Singapore: ISEAS Publishing.
Fealy, Greg (2004). "Islamic radicalism in indonesia: the faltering revival?", Southeast Asian Affairs, Available at:
  https://www.jstor.org/journal/soutasiaaffa
Formichi, Ch., & Feener M. R. (2015). Shi'ism in southest asia: did Piety and sectarian constructions. London: Oxford University Press.
Formichi, Ch. (2011). "Lovers of the ahl al-Bayt", Inside Indonesia, 25 Septamber 2011, Available at: http://www.insideindonesia.org/lovers-of-the-ahl-al-bayt
Hosseini, M. (2018). "Typing the cultural and political challenges of Indonesian muslims and its external", Historical Studies of the Islamic world, 5(9), 75-94.
Human Rights Watch (2013). ''Indonesia: ensure safe return home of evicted shia villagers'', Human Rights Watch, Available at:
 http://www.hrw.org/news/2013/06/30/indonesia-ensure-safe-return-home-evicted-shia-villagers
Hutt, D. (2018). "No safe place for seasia’s Shia Muslims", Asia Times, 3 February 2018, Available at: http://www.atimes.com/article/no-safe-place-seasias-shia-muslims/
Ida, A. (2016). "Cyberspace and sectarianism in indonesia: the rise of shia media and anti-Shia online movements", Jurnal Komunikasi Islam, 6 (2), 194-215.
IPAC Repoert (2016). "The anti-shi'a movment in Indonesia", IPAC Report, 27 (1), Available at:
 http://file.understandingconflict.org/file/2016/04/IPAC_Report_27.pdf
IRIN News (2013). "Indonesia’s displaced shias languish", 3 Aprill 2013, Available at:
 http://www.irinnews.org/report/97773/ indonesia%E2%80%99s-displaced-shias-languish
Karimi, A. (2013). "Unsuccessful analysis of the june 6 uprising based on the theory of the structure of political opportunity", Quarterly of Historical Studies, 10(40), 68-91. (in Persian)
Kehoe, A. V. L. (2008). "The paradox of post-colonial historic preservation: implications of dutch heritage preservation in modern Jakarta", Available at: https://uwm.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/231/2016/01/2008KehoeArticle. pdf
Khosh Heikal Azad, M. (2003). "Iranian historical record with Southeast Asia", Journal of Foreign Relations History, 14(17), 25-44. (in Persian)
Larsson, G. (2005). The death of virtual muslim discussion group: issues and methods in analysing religion on the net, Heidelberg Journal of Religions on the Internet, 1(1), 1-18.
Latief, H. (2008). "The identity of shia sympathizers in contemporary indonesia", Journal of Inonesian Islam, 2(2), 300-336.
Mannheim, K. (1964). Ideology and utopia. New York: Harcourt.
Mansouri, H. (2011). "The Impact of the islamic revolution on indonesia", Resalat Newspaper, 2011/11/27. (in Persian)
Mehr, N. (2013). "Reaction and slaughter: indonesia 1965–66", in Mike Gonzalez and Houman Barekat, Arms and the peoples: popular movements and the military from the paris commune to the arab sprin, U.S.A.: Pluto Press.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Islamic Republic of Iran (1996). Green book of indonesia, Tehran: Publishing Center of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Islamic Republic of Iran. (in Persian)
Mortazavi Emami Zavareh, S. A., & Jamali, S. (2015). "Iran and Indonesia: Similarities, Differences and Reflections of the Islamic Revolution", Quarterly of United Nations Law, 5(18), 435-450. (in Persian)
Organization of Islamic Culture and Communication (2015). Extremism in southeast asia. Tehran: Al-huda International Publisher. (in Persian)
Ricklefs, M. C. (1981). A History of modern indonesia. 1300 to the present, (2nd ed.). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Rijal, S. (2017). "Internal dinamics within hadhrami arabs in indonesia: from social hierarchy to islamic doctrin", Journal of Indonaisan Islam, 11(1),1-28.
Saat, N. (2018). Islam in southest asia: negotiating modernity, singapore: ISEAS Publishing.
Schroter, S. (2010). Christianity in indonesia: perspectives of power, Berlin: LIT Verlag.
Shah Ali, A. R. (2016). "Imam khomeini's campaign strategy: Political mobilization of the people", Research Journal of the Islamic Revolution, 6(18), 57-75. (in Persian)
Shaplen, R. (1968). "Indonesia after and befor sukarno", The New Yorker, 23 November 1968, Available at:
https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1968/11/23/indonesia-i-after-and-before-sukarno
Shia Numbers (2020). "World shia muslims population", Available at:
http://shianumbers.com/shia-muslims-population.html
Sofjan, D. (2016). "Minoritization and criminalization of shia islam in indonesia", Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastren Studies, XXXIX (2), 29-45.
Tartoussieh, K. (2011). Virtual citizenship: islam, culture and politics in the digital age, International journal of Cultural Policy, 17(2), 198-208.
Tilly, Ch. (1978). From mobilization to revolution. London: addision-Wesley.
Tilly, Ch. (1979). As sociology meet history. New York: Academic Press.
U.S Department of State (2018)."International religious freedom report for 2018: indonesia", Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor in United States Department of State, Available at: https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/.pdf
World Population View (2020). "Indonesia population 2020", 17 Feb 2020, Available at: https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/indonesia-population/
Yapibangil. (2018). "Biografi ust. Husein al-habsyi", Available at: https://yapibangil.org/biografi-ust-husein-al-habsyi/
Yayasan Pesantren Islam, Sejarah YPI Al-Azhar. (2018). Available at: http://www.al-azhar.or.id/index.php/tentang-kami
Zaenudin, A. (2018). "Pluralisme dan cara merangkul perbedaan ala jalaluddin rakhmat", 5 June 2018, Available at: https://tirto.id/pluralisme-dan-cara-merangkul-perbedaan-ala-jalaluddin-rakhmat-cLjK
Zulkifli. (2004). "Being a shl'ite among the sunnl majority in indonesia: a preliminary study of l.j stadz husein al-habs yi (7927-799 4)", Studia Slamika, Indonasian Journal for Islamic Studies, 11(2), 131-150.
Zulkifli. (2009). "The education of indonesian shi'I leaders", Al-Jami ‘ah, 47(2), 231-268.
Zulkifli. (2013). The struggle of the Shi ‘is in Indonesia. Canberra: ANU E Press.
CAPTCHA Image