نوع مقاله : مقالات
نویسندگان
1 اصفهان
2 دانشگاه اصفهان
چکیده
باگذشت بیش از یک دهه از مناقشه‌ی هسته‌ای ایران، نهایتاً عاقبت این پرونده با توافق هسته‌ای ایران با اعضای 1+5 به سرانجام رسید. روسیه، چین و آمریکا از بازیگران مهم در موضوع پرونده‌ی هسته‌ای به‌شمار می‌روند که نقش آنها در قبال این پرونده غیرقابل‌انکار است. آمریکا با اعمال فشارها، تهدیدها و تحریم‌ها سعی داشت که از دستیابی ایران به انرژی هسته‌ای ممانعت به عمل آورد. معرفی این پرونده به‌عنوان خطری برای صلح و امنیت جهانی از سیاست‌های واشنگتن برای مشروع جلوه‌دادن اقداماتش علیه ایران است؛ اما رویکرد روسیه و چین دارای ماهیت متفاوتی است. دو کشور از یک‌سو در هماهنگی با نگرانی‌های غرب از قدرت هسته‌ای ایران و از سوی دیگر با معرفی خود به‌عنوان حامی ایران به اتخاذ مواضعی مبهم دست‌زده‌اند. یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد که مهم‌ترین عنصر تأثیرگذار در سیاست‌های مسکو و پکن در برخورد با این بحران، روابط استراتژیک روسیه و چین با ایالات متحده است. لذا سؤال مقاله این است که راهبرد سیاست خارجی این سه کشور در برخورد با پرونده‌ی هسته‌ای تحت‌تأثیر چه عواملی بوده است؟ فرضیه مقاله این است که روسیه و چین در مخالفت خود به مبانی حقوقی تکیه دارند و در تعاملات خود با ایران راهبردی مصلحت‌اندیشانه و تاکتیکی در جهت تأمین منافع خویش به‌کار گرفته‌اند؛ اما آمریکا علاوه بر سختگیری‌های حقوقی- سیاسی به تنش‌های ایدئولوژیک با ایران می‌پردازد، ولی هرسه باهم رابطهی استراتژیک دارند؛ اما با ایران رابطهی تاکتیکی دارند و مخالف قدرتمندشدن یک ایران هسته‌ای هستند. در این مقاله با روش پژوهش مقایسه‌ای کیفی به تحلیل داده‌های پژوهش پرداخته می‌شود.
کلیدواژه‌ها
References
Abdulmutallab, A., & Ismaili, M. (2013). The foreign policy of America towards the Islamic revolution of continuity or change? Study of barrack Obama's foreign policy and Iran's nuclear issue. Islamic Revolution Quarterly, (7), pp.103-124. (In Persian).
Abolhasan Shirazi, H., & Zarei, Gh. (2010). U. S. and Iran's nuclear Issue, Encyclopedia Quarterly, (78), pp. 105-121. (In Persian).
Abolhasan Shirazi, H. (2015). Anatomy of nuclear talks between Iran and America until to make jcpoa and resolution 2231. Political Science and International Relations Quarterly, (30), pp.1-28. (in Persian).
Abe, N.; Bednarz, D.; Follath, E., & Stark, H. (2015). Geopolitical tremors: america, nuclear talks and the new middle east.
http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/nuclear-talks-with-iran-show-new-us-approach-to-middle-east-a-1026489.html
Aghaei, D., & Barati, F. (2010). Reflection on America's foreign policy on human rights (looking at America's policy towards Iran). Journal of Politics, 40(1), pp. 23-37. (in Persian).
Ahadian, M. S. (2015). Jcpoa the Macro and Micro Analysis. Mashhad. Cultural and Artistic Institute of Khorasan publication. (In Persian).
Almond, G. R. (2016). China and the Iran nuclear deal. http://thediplomat.com/2016/03/china-and-the-iran-nuclear-deal/
Amiri Zar, F. (2011). China's cooperative approach to the United States after September eleven, Regional Studies Quarterly, 12(1), pp.185-224. (In Persian).
Asgarian, H. (2011). Asian Book 7, Special relations between Iran and China. Tehran: Abrar Moaser publication. (In Persian).
Athari, A., & Mashhadyan, B. (2012). America's foreign policy against Iran's nuclear program: meditations from the window of offensive realism. Regional Studies Quarterly, 13(4), pp.1-38. (In Persian).
Barzegar, K. (2015). A Nuclear deal could change Iran’s understanding of 'strategic stability' in the region.
Ben-Meir, A. (2009). Nuclear iran is not an option: a new negotiating strategy to prevent iran from developing nuclear weapons. The Whitehead Journal Of Diplomacy and International Relations. 77-89.
Borshchevskaya, A. (2015). How Russia views the Iran nuclear talks. http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/how-russia-views-the-iran-nuclear-talks
Daryaei, M. h. (2013). 5 + 1 nuclear talks in Geneva. Tehran: Ettelaat publication. (In Persian).
Ebrahimi, Sh., & Rezai, P. (2012). China's Middle East policy and its competition with America. Middle Eastern Studies Quarterly, 19(4), pp. 171-196. (In Persian).
Entesar, N., & Afrasyabi, K. (2016). Marathon talks of Sa'dabad to Coburg, Translated by: Jafari, S, & Faghihi, R. tehran: ghoumes publication. (In Persian).
Eskandari, M. (2010). America views of the decision-making system towards Iran. Strategy of Development Quarterly, (23), pp. 254-275. (In Persian).
Fatih, M. (2015). Unpredictable power broker: russia’s role in iran s nuclear capability development. Middle Eastern Studies. 6, 112-134.
Ghahremanpour, R. (2008). America's approach to the non-proliferation treaty: a case study of I.R of Iran. Regional Studies Quarterly, 9(2), pp.73-96. (In Persian).
Haghshenas, A, M. (2011). Russia's relations with America and its approach against the peaceful nuclear program of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Central Asia and Caucasus Studies Quarterly, (74), pp. 109-142. (In Persian).
Haghshenas, B, M. (2011). China's Middle East policy and Iran's nuclear program. Middle East Studies Quarterly, 18(2), pp.55-84. (In Persian).
Hosseini Asfydvajany, S. (2005). The consequences of Iran's nuclear program in Iran and America's relations Political-Economic Information Quarterly, (219.220), pp.40-57. (In Persian).
International Institute of Caspian Studies. (2008). Iran-Russia relations after the cold war. Studies of Central Asia and the Caucasus Quarterly, (61), pp. 1-38. (In Persian).
Izadi, F. (2012). Iran network issues in America and the united states policy towards the Islamic Republic. Foreign Relations Quarterly, 4(3), pp.7-58. (In Persian).
Jafari, A., & Dadpnah, M. (2012). United States of America against Iran's nuclear knowledge and security of Israel. Political and International Studies Quarterly, (10), pp.89-110. (In Persian).
Jafari, A. K., & Zolfaghari, V. (2013). Iran-Russia relations, Convergence or Divergence? Central Eurasian Studies Quarterly, 6(12), pp. 21-40. (In Persian).
Karami, J. (2010). Iran and Russia's relations in 1989 to 2009: platforms, factors and limitations. Central Eurasian Studies Quarterly, 3(6), pp. 111-136. (In Persian).
Karimi Kasheh, S. (2013). Comparative study of the attitudes of United States of America and the Russian federation to Iran's nuclear case. Regional Studies Quarterly, 14(2), pp. 93-114. (In Persian).
Katzman, K. (2015). Iran: u. s. concerns and policy responses. Congressional Research Service. January 26. 1-75.
Katzman, K.; Kerr, P. K., & Nikitin, M. B. D. (2014). Iran: interim nuclear agreement and talks on a comprehensive accord. Congressional Research Service. November 26. 1-22.
Keshmiri, M. (2014). America and China's relations: from economic cooperation to strategic competition, International Political Economy Studies quarterly, 1(2), pp. 81-112. (In Persian).
Khajehpour, B. (2015). Iran-Russia relations after nuclear deal. http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2015/07/iran-russia-nuclear-sanctions-economy-gas-oil.html
Khalili, R. (2008). Scientific articles: basic studies: security system; an alternative framework for the study of comparative politics. Strategic Research Quarterly, 17(1), pp.5-42. (In Persian).
Khoshayand, H. (2012). Iran's nuclear diplomacy in Supreme Leader fatwa, Tuesday, December 18, 2012. Available at: www.irinn.ir. (In Persian).
Koolaee, E., & Noori, A. (2007). Changes in Russia's foreign policy under Putin era. Law and Political Science Quarterly, (3), pp.23-56. (In Persian).
Manouchehri, A. (2014) Approaches and Methods in Political Science, sixth edition, Tehran: SAMT publication. (In Persian).
Mojtahedzadeh, p., & RashidiNezhad, A. (2011). Geopolitical analysis of Russian foreign policy towards Iran's nuclear program from 2000 to 2008. Geopolitics Quarterly, 7(2), pp.1-36. (In Persian).
Monadi, M. (2006). Qualitative methods in the social sciences and behavioral sciences, Human Sciences Methodology Quarterly, 12(47), pp. 80-93. (In Persian).
Monadi, M. (2010). Qualitative methods and theory, Strategy Quarterly, 19(54), pp. 107-134. (In Persian).
Mousavian, S. H. (2015). Story of Iranian Nuclear Crisis, Unspoken memories of a Diplomat Translated by: Ghahremanpour, R., Tehran: TISA publication. (In Persian).
Noori, A. (2011). Islamic Republic of Iran and the principle of consistency in foreign policy of Russia in Medvedev period. Central Asia and Caucasus Studies Quarterly, (73), pp. 171-206. (In Persian).
Noori A, A. R. (2015). Russia and the challenge of Iran's comprehensive nuclear agreement. http://www.iranreview.org/content/Documents/Russia-and-the-Challenge-of-Iran-s-Comprehensive-Nuclear-Agreement.htm
Noori B, A. R. (2015). Iran's nuclear deal, a “desirable” option for Russia. http://www.iranreview.org/content/Documents/Iran-s-Comprehensive-Nuclear-Agreement-a-Desirable-Option-for-Russia.htm
Omidi, A. (2011). Structural challenges strategic relations with Russia and Iran, Iranian anti- domination and Russian pragmatism. Central Eurasian Studies Quarterly, 4(8), pp. 43-64. (In Persian).
Parker, W. J. (2012). Russia and the iranian nuclear program: replay or breakthrough. Institute for National Strategic Studies. (9), 1-73.
Rezaei, A. (2008). China Soft balance against the hegemony of the United States of America in the international system. Strategy Quarterly, (16), pp.282-298. (In Persian).
Sadeghi-Boroujerdi, E.; Ingram, P., & Rifkind, G. (2012). Iran’s nuclear impasse: breaking the deadlock. Oxford Research Group. 1-20.
Saei, A. A. (2007). Philosophical and theoretical aspects of qualitative research methods in the social sciences, sociology quarterly, pp.25-44. (In Persian).
Sahimi, M. (2013). The long and troubled history of iran’s nuclear program. Atoms for Peace, 60-81.
Sasnal, P., & Stanislav, S. (2015). Out of the comfort Zone: Russia and the nuclear deal with Iran. Strategic File, 74(11), 1-7.
Sazmand, B. (2011). The Foreign Policy of the Great Powers, Tehran: Abrar Moaser publication. (In Persian).
Scott, E. (2015). A nuclear deal with Chinese characteristics: China’s role in the p5+1 talks with Iran. A nuclear Deal with Chinese Characteristics China’s Role in the P5+1 Talks with Iran _ The Jamestown Foundation.htm#.Vxn-1llK1Ns
Shafi'i, N., & Karimi, M. (2013). Comparison of America's foreign policy towads Indian and Pakistan nuclear issue "after the cold war". Politics Strategic Studies Quarterly, 1(4), pp.105-126. (In Persian).
Shen, D. (2006). Iran’s nuclear ambitions test China’s wisdom. The Washington Quarterly. 55-66.
shouri, M. (2009). Iran and Russia, from balance of power to identity issue. International Foreign Relation Quarterly, 1(2), pp.219-249. (In Persian).
Site of Tehran Commerce Chamber, Industries, Mines and Agriculture (General Statistics of imports and exports to the Islamic Republic of Iran). Available at: http://www.tccim.ir/ImpExpStats.aspx?mode=doit. (In Persian).
Soltani Nazhad, A; Zahrani, M., & Shapouri, M. (2012). China's policy on nuclear dispute between Iran and the factors affecting it. Strategic Studies Quarterly, 15(4), pp.143-170. (In Persian).
Tiezzi, S. (2015). China, Iran predict closer ties thanks to nuclear deal. http://thediplomat.com/2015/09/china-iran-predict-closer-ties-thanks-to-nuclear-deal/
U.S Census bureau, foreign trade division, data dissemination. (2016). https://www.census.gov.
Vaez, A., & Sadjadpour, K. (2013). Iran’s nuclear odyssey. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. 1-30.
Wehling, F. (1999). Russian nuclear and missile exsports to Iran. The Nonproliferation Review. 134-143.
Xuanli Liao, J. (2013). China’s energy diplomacy and its “peaceful rise” ambition: the cases of Sudan and Iran. Asian Journal of Peacebuilding, 1(2), 197-225.
Yetiv, S. A., & Chunlong, L. (2007). China, global energy, and the middle east. the Middle East Journal, 61(2), 200-218.
Zare, M. (2010). China and America: a suspected allies. Strategic Report for Center Strategic Research, (333), pp.1-21. (In Persian).
)
ارسال نظر در مورد این مقاله