China's security capacity against the military-industrial complexes of the United States of America (2000 to 2022)

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

Seyedeh Haleh Mehdizadeh ¹

reza simbar ²

¹ PhD student in Political Science and International Relations, Faculty of Humanities, University of Guilan, Guilan, Iran. (*- Corresponding Author)

² Full Professor, Department of Political Science and International Relations, Faculty of Humanities, University of Guilan, Guilan, Iran.

https://doi.org/10.22067/irlip.2026.87846.1528

Abstract

Considering the fact that some researchers call the 21st century the century of Asia, especially East Asia, it indicates that the political geography of this century is in the struggle for power of various regional and international actors. Also, the position of power is changing more or less from the West to the East of the world or from Europe to Asia.China is a newly emerging country in the East Asian region, which has occupied the second place in the world due to its capacities in the last two to three decades, especially in the economic dimension. And it can be said that East Asia is one of the most important economic pillars in the international system today.This situation has sensitized other powers, including the United States of America, and forced them to balance forces with this newly emerging power.The American military-industrial complex secures its interests by being present in different regions of the world, especially by supporting countries in conflict with China.The research question is how China's defense security is provided against the performance of the military-industrial complexes of the United States of America?The collection of data in the library method and the research findings in the descriptive-analytical method show that since 2000, with the growing military power and with the strategy of rejuvenating the great Chinese nation, improving the all-round national power of the government, accelerating the modernization and strengthening of the People's Liberation Army and the strategy of developing military-civilian fusion, China has been able to develop its security personnel in the spectrum A complete set of land, air, sea as well as nuclear, space, electronic warfare and cyber space operations against the effects of the military-industrial complex.

Highlights

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in Asia. Achievable at: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/28/in-bid-tocounter-
china-us-ramps-up-effort-to-boost-military-ties-in-asia.
2. Alic, J. A. ( 2020). The US politico-military-industrial complex. Prepublication draft
prepared for Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. 1-27.
3. Asemani, H. ( 2022). Military Diplomacy and Chinese Foreign Policy. Iranian Journal of
International Politics, Year. Issue 1. Serial Issue 21. (in persian)
4. Béraud-Sudreau, L., & Nouwens, M. (2020). Assessing chinese defence spending: proposals
for new methodologies. The International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS).
5. Buchanan. ( 2023). Targeting China’s defense industries: US house committee
takes aim at the chinese military industrial complex. achievable at: https://www.
bipc.com/targeting-china%E2%80%99s-defense-industries-us-house-committee-
takes-aim-at-the-chinese-military-industrial-complex.
6. Buzan, B. ( 2010). Security architecture in Asia: the interplay of regional and global
levels. The Pacific review, PP 143, Accessed in: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/
epdf/10.1080/0951274032000069660?needAccess=true.
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for arms sales to Taiwan. achievable at: https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-
defense/china-sanctions-northrop-grumman-lockheed-martin-overarms-
sales-taiwan-2023-09-15/.
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Objevtive Analisis. Effective solutions. achievable at: https://www.rand.org/pubs/
commentary/2017/01/a-political-earthquake-in-seoul-and-its-repercussions.
html.
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international order. National Institute for Defense Studies, Japan. 22.
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fight and win. committed to excellence in defense of the nation. 3-43.
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Council of the united states. 1.
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republic. New York, USA: Metropolitan Books.
13. Harrison, M., ( 2001). Soviet industry and the red army under stalin: a military industrial
complex? Department of Economics, (609).
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rather than the OPCON transition. Achievable at:https://www.heritage.) 2000 تا 2022 ( 123
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capabilities-rather.
15. Korb, L. J., & Ogden, P. ( 2005). A time for U.S. diplomacy in East Asia, this article originally
appeared in the South China Morning Post on May 6. 1. achievable at: https://
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16. MCCartney, J., & McCartney, M. ( 2015). America’s war machine. New York, USA:
Thomas Dunne Books.
17. Mehdizadeh, S. H.; Simber, R., & Jansiz, A. ( 2017). The position and role of military-industrial
complexes in the security-oriented foreign policy of Middle Eastern countries
( case study of Saudi Arabia). Master’s thesis. Faculty of Literature and Humanities.
University of Guilan. 37. (in persian)
18. Modarres, M.V.; Khalili, R., & Atanejad, H. ( 2017). The Role of Military-Industrial Complexes
in the Foreign Policy of the United States of America. Quarterly Journal of International
Relations Research, 1(24). (in persian)
19. Mousavi, H., & Adeli M. ( 2021). The Impact of Military-Industrial Complexes on United
States Foreign Policy Towards Russia and China ( 2001 to 2020). Central Eurasian
Studies, 14(2), 351-367. (in persian)
20. Neill, A. ( 2010). Spears and shields: China’s 11 january missile defence test. Royal United
Services Institute ( RUSI), Achievable at: https://rusi.org/explore-our-research/
publications/commentary/spears-and-shields-chinas-11-january-missile-defencetest
21. Northrop Grumman. ( 2024). Asia-Pacific region. achievable at: https://www.
northropgrumman.com/who-we-are/global-locations/asia-pacific-region
22. Pajon, C. ( 2016). Japan and its alliance with the US structure, dynamics and evolution
to 2030. With participation from John Seaman, Alice Akman and Francoise Nicolas,
The Institut français des relations internationales (Ifri). 9-12.
23. Preece, J. J. ( 2011). Security in international relations. The University of London International
Programmes. 3-14.
24. Schell, O., & Susan., L. Sh. ( 2017). Us policy toward China: Recommendations for a new
administration. Task Force Report, Asia Society Center on US-China Relations. 8-10.
25. Stępka, M. ( 2022). The Copenhagen school and beyond; a closer look at securitisation
theory. Jagiellonian University. 15-26.
26. Suleimanpour, H. ( 2014). Rereading the Orient-Oriented Policies in Asia. Journal of
Central Asian and Caucasus Studies, (1), 65-68. (in persian)
27. Sulovic, V. ( 2010). Meaning of security and theory of securitization, belgrade centre
for Secutity policy. 1-5, Accessed at: http://www.bezbednost.org.
28. Tang, D., & Jennings, R. ( 2017). China strongly protests US arms sales to Taiwan. APnews.
Acheivable at: https://apnews.com/article/47dde9fadeea4c1ba656d88e210dda9c.
29. Thrall., T., & Dorminey, C. ( 2018). Risky business: the role of arms sales in US foreign
policy. Achievable at: https://www.cato.org/publications/ policy-analysis/riskybusiness-
role-arms-sales-us-foreign-policy.
30. U.S department of defense. ( 2023). Military and security developments involving the
people’s republic of China. Annual Report to Congress. 1-11.
31. Vittori, J. ( 2019). A mutual extortion racket: the military industerial complexes and US
foreign policy – the cases of saudi arabia & UAE. Transparency International Defense
& Security Rrogram, 9.
32. Yasuhiro, M. ( 2006). An essay on China’s military diplomacy; examination of international
in foreign affairs. NIDS Security Reports, (7). 4-6.
33. Yazdanpanah, M. ( 2013). Arms Economy and Military Affairs”, Philo Sociology. Available
at: http://www.philosociology.ir/daily-articles/2868-1392-09-21-15-17-25.html
(in persian)
34. Yumae, S. ( 2023). Western arms suppliers shift Asian HQs to Japan. Nikkei Asia.
Achievable at:https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Aerospace-Defense-Industries/
Western-Arms-Suppliers-Shift-Asian-HQs-to-Japan.

Keywords

East Asia

China

military-industrial complexes

United States of America

security

---

References

1. Al Jazeera. ( 2023). In bid to counter China. US ramps up effort to boost military ties
in Asia. Achievable at: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/28/in-bid-tocounter-
china-us-ramps-up-effort-to-boost-military-ties-in-asia.
2. Alic, J. A. ( 2020). The US politico-military-industrial complex. Prepublication draft
prepared for Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. 1-27.
3. Asemani, H. ( 2022). Military Diplomacy and Chinese Foreign Policy. Iranian Journal of
International Politics, Year. Issue 1. Serial Issue 21. (in persian)
4. Béraud-Sudreau, L., & Nouwens, M. (2020). Assessing chinese defence spending: proposals
for new methodologies. The International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS).
5. Buchanan. ( 2023). Targeting China’s defense industries: US house committee
takes aim at the chinese military industrial complex. achievable at: https://www.
bipc.com/targeting-china%E2%80%99s-defense-industries-us-house-committee-
takes-aim-at-the-chinese-military-industrial-complex.
6. Buzan, B. ( 2010). Security architecture in Asia: the interplay of regional and global
levels. The Pacific review, PP 143, Accessed in: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/
epdf/10.1080/0951274032000069660?needAccess=true.
7. Cash, J., & Lee, L. ( 2023). China sanctions Northrop Grumman, Lockheed Martin
for arms sales to Taiwan. achievable at: https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-
defense/china-sanctions-northrop-grumman-lockheed-martin-overarms-
sales-taiwan-2023-09-15/.
8. Chang, B. ( 2017). A political earthquake in seoul and its repercussions for U.S. policy.
Objevtive Analisis. Effective solutions. achievable at: https://www.rand.org/pubs/
commentary/2017/01/a-political-earthquake-in-seoul-and-its-repercussions.
html.
9. China Security Report. ( 2024). China, Russia, and the United States striving for a new
international order. National Institute for Defense Studies, Japan. 22.
10. Defense intelligence agency. ( 2019). China military power modernizing a force to
fight and win. committed to excellence in defense of the nation. 3-43.
11. Frankenstein, J. ( 2003). Globalization of defense industries: china. The Atlantic
Council of the united states. 1.
12. Johnson, Ch. ( 2004). The sorrows of empire: militarism, secrecy, and the end of the
republic. New York, USA: Metropolitan Books.
13. Harrison, M., ( 2001). Soviet industry and the red army under stalin: a military industrial
complex? Department of Economics, (609).
14. Klingner, B. ( 2014). The U.S. and South Korea should focus on improving alliance capabilities
rather than the OPCON transition. Achievable at:https://www.heritage.) 2000 تا 2022 ( 123
org/global-politics/report/the-us-and-south-korea-should-focus-improving-alliance-
capabilities-rather.
15. Korb, L. J., & Ogden, P. ( 2005). A time for U.S. diplomacy in East Asia, this article originally
appeared in the South China Morning Post on May 6. 1. achievable at: https://
www.americanprogress.org/article/a-time-for-u-s-diplomacy-in-east-asia/.
16. MCCartney, J., & McCartney, M. ( 2015). America’s war machine. New York, USA:
Thomas Dunne Books.
17. Mehdizadeh, S. H.; Simber, R., & Jansiz, A. ( 2017). The position and role of military-industrial
complexes in the security-oriented foreign policy of Middle Eastern countries
( case study of Saudi Arabia). Master’s thesis. Faculty of Literature and Humanities.
University of Guilan. 37. (in persian)
18. Modarres, M.V.; Khalili, R., & Atanejad, H. ( 2017). The Role of Military-Industrial Complexes
in the Foreign Policy of the United States of America. Quarterly Journal of International
Relations Research, 1(24). (in persian)
19. Mousavi, H., & Adeli M. ( 2021). The Impact of Military-Industrial Complexes on United
States Foreign Policy Towards Russia and China ( 2001 to 2020). Central Eurasian
Studies, 14(2), 351-367. (in persian)
20. Neill, A. ( 2010). Spears and shields: China’s 11 january missile defence test. Royal United
Services Institute ( RUSI), Achievable at: https://rusi.org/explore-our-research/
publications/commentary/spears-and-shields-chinas-11-january-missile-defencetest
21. Northrop Grumman. ( 2024). Asia-Pacific region. achievable at: https://www.
northropgrumman.com/who-we-are/global-locations/asia-pacific-region
22. Pajon, C. ( 2016). Japan and its alliance with the US structure, dynamics and evolution
to 2030. With participation from John Seaman, Alice Akman and Francoise Nicolas,
The Institut français des relations internationales (Ifri). 9-12.
23. Preece, J. J. ( 2011). Security in international relations. The University of London International
Programmes. 3-14.
24. Schell, O., & Susan., L. Sh. ( 2017). Us policy toward China: Recommendations for a new
administration. Task Force Report, Asia Society Center on US-China Relations. 8-10.
25. Stępka, M. ( 2022). The Copenhagen school and beyond; a closer look at securitisation
theory. Jagiellonian University. 15-26.
26. Suleimanpour, H. ( 2014). Rereading the Orient-Oriented Policies in Asia. Journal of
Central Asian and Caucasus Studies, (1), 65-68. (in persian)
27. Sulovic, V. ( 2010). Meaning of security and theory of securitization, belgrade centre
for Secutity policy. 1-5, Accessed at: http://www.bezbednost.org.
28. Tang, D., & Jennings, R. ( 2017). China strongly protests US arms sales to Taiwan. APnews.
Acheivable at: https://apnews.com/article/47dde9fadeea4c1ba656d88e210dda9c.
29. Thrall., T., & Dorminey, C. ( 2018). Risky business: the role of arms sales in US foreign
policy. Achievable at: https://www.cato.org/publications/ policy-analysis/riskybusiness-
role-arms-sales-us-foreign-policy.
30. U.S department of defense. ( 2023). Military and security developments involving the
people’s republic of China. Annual Report to Congress. 1-11.
31. Vittori, J. ( 2019). A mutual extortion racket: the military industerial complexes and US
foreign policy – the cases of saudi arabia & UAE. Transparency International Defense
& Security Rrogram, 9.
32. Yasuhiro, M. ( 2006). An essay on China’s military diplomacy; examination of international
in foreign affairs. NIDS Security Reports, (7). 4-6.
33. Yazdanpanah, M. ( 2013). Arms Economy and Military Affairs”, Philo Sociology. Available
at: http://www.philosociology.ir/daily-articles/2868-1392-09-21-15-17-25.html
(in persian)
34. Yumae, S. ( 2023). Western arms suppliers shift Asian HQs to Japan. Nikkei Asia.
Achievable at:https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Aerospace-Defense-Industries/
Western-Arms-Suppliers-Shift-Asian-HQs-to-Japan.