نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 دانشجوی دکتری مطالعات منطقه‌ای، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران (نویسنده مسئول)
2 استاد روابط بین‌الملل دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، دانشکده اقتصاد و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران
چکیده
با شروع سدۀ جدید میلادی، منطقۀ شرق آسیا، شاهد بازتوزیع قدرت و ثروت توسط ساختار نظام بین‌الملل بوده است؛ بازتوزیعی که همواره توازن قدرت را به سود چین و به‌ضرر قدرت سنتی منطقه، یعنی ژاپن، تغییر داده است. برهمین‌اساس، مقالۀ حاضر در پی این است که با نگاهی نئورئالیستی، با رویکردی تبیینی‌ـ‌تحلیلی، و در قالب روش کیفی، مجموعه اقدامات امنیت‌طلبانه و حافظ وضع موجود دولت ژاپن را در عرصۀ نظامی و اقتصادی و در برابر قدرت‌افزایی‌های چین، بررسی کند. نتایج این پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که ژاپن، به‌عنوان یک قدرت برتر منطقه‌ای رو‌به‌زوال و واحدی عقلایی با محاسبۀ هزینه‌ـ‌فایده گزینه‌های موجود در راستای تقابل یا همکاری، مجموعه اقداماتی را دنبال می‌کند که در راستای کسب بیشینۀ منافع ملی این کشور بوده‌اند؛ اقداماتی که به‌طور هم‌زمان، دربرگیرندۀ اهداف رفاهی و اهداف امنیتی هستند؛ از‌این‌رو، بررسی طرح‌ها و اقدامات هم‌زمان اقتصادی، سیاسی، و امنیتی ارائه‌شده توسط ژاپن در راستای مقابله با طرح‌های قدرت‌گستر چین، می‌تواند سیاست خارجی منفعت‌طلبانۀ قدرت‌های برتر جهانی را در مقابل تهدیدات قدرت‌های نوظهور نشان دهد.
کلیدواژه‌ها
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Farhadi, Z., Sazmand, B., Mousavi Shfaei, M. & Eslami, M. (2019). Regional Variables
Influencing Japan's Security Developments: 2012-2019. Journal of International
Geopolitical Quarterly, 17(61), 57-63.
Gaens, B. (2019, 29 April). The EU-Asia Connectivity Strategy and Its Impact on Asia-
Europe Relations. Financial Times. 19-27.
Geeraerts, G. & Salman, M. (2015). The Impact of Strategic Hedging on the Foreign
Politics of Great Powers: The Case of Chinese Energy Strategy in the Middle East. Vrije
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hits-all-time-high-2017.
Hong, Z. (2018). Chinese and Japanese Infrastructure Investment in Southeast Asia: From
Rivalry to Cooperation. Institute of Developing Economies, Vol.689, 1-31.
Hughes, C. (2009). Japan’s Response to China’s Rise: Regional Engagement, Global
Containment, Dangers of Collision. The Royal Institute of International A
ffairs, (42), 837-56. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2346.2009.00830.x
Review, 11(2): 18-35. DOI: 10.1080/1343900042000292524.
Akio, T. (2017). Forty-four Years of Sino–Japanese Diplomatic Relations Since
Normalization. In: lam peng er. China-Japan Relations in the 21st Century. East Asian
Institute. National University of Singapore. Singapore. 25-65. DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-
4373.
Amorim, W. & Dasilva, A. H. L. (2014), Japan and India: Soft Balancing as a Reaction to
China’s Rise. Revista Brasileira De Politica Internacional, (57), 73-90. DOI:
10.1590/0034-7329201400205.
Asean states (2020). Trade annually. https://data.aseanstats.org/trade-annually.
Asgarkhani, A., Ghahremani, M.J. & Ghaderi Hajat, M. (2018). Geoeconomic Analysis of
Chinese Foreign Policy. Journal of International Geopolitical Quarterly. 14(52), 209-223.
Backer, L. C. (2014). The Trans-Pacific Partnership: Japan, China, the U.S. and the
Emerging Shape of a New World Trade Regulatory Order. Washington University Open Scholarship, 13(1), 49-81.
Bureau of Political-Military Affairs (2020), U.S. Security Cooperation with Japan. U.S.
Department of STSTE. https://www.state.gov/u-s-security-cooperation-with-japan/.
Council Foreign Relation (2021). China’s Maritime Disputes 1895-2020.
https://www.cfr.org/timeline/chinas-maritime-disputes.
Chan, Julian (2018, October 26). Europe's Challenge to China. The Diplomat.
https://thediplomat.com/2018/10/europes-challenge-to-china/.
Chatzky, A. & McBride, J. (2020, January 28). China’s Massive Belt and Road Initiative.
Council on foreign relations. https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/chinas-massive-belt-and-
road-initiative.
Chen, C., Chang, L. & Zhang, Y. (1995). The Role of Foreign Direct Investment in China’s
Post- 1978 Economic Development. World Development, 23(4), 691-703.
DOI:10.1016/0305-750x(94)00143-m.
Cheng, J. Y.S. (2013). China’s Regional Strategy and Challenges in East Asia. Open
Edition Journals & China Perspectives [Online], 53-65. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.4000/chinaperspectives.6182.
Esteban, M. & Armanini, U. (2020). The EU-Japan Connectivity Partnership: A
Sustainable Initiative Awaiting Materialization. Real Instituto Elcano Royal institute.
http://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/wps/portal/rielcano_en/contenido.
Farhadi, Z., Sazmand, B., Mousavi Shfaei, M. & Eslami, M. (2019). Regional Variables
Influencing Japan's Security Developments: 2012-2019. Journal of International
Geopolitical Quarterly, 17(61), 57-63.
Gaens, B. (2019, 29 April). The EU-Asia Connectivity Strategy and Its Impact on Asia-
Europe Relations. Financial Times. 19-27.
Geeraerts, G. & Salman, M. (2015). The Impact of Strategic Hedging on the Foreign
Politics of Great Powers: The Case of Chinese Energy Strategy in the Middle East. Vrije
Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1-14.
Gilpin, R. (1981). War and Change in World Politics. (S. Bahrami Moghaddam, Trans.):
Publication of Mokhatab.[in Persian].
Gilpin, R. (2001). Global Political Economy: Understanding the International Economic
Order. Published by Princeton University Press.
Government of Canada (2020). How to Read the Comprehensive and Progressive
Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP). https://www.international.
gc.ca/trade-commerce/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/agr-acc/cptpp-
ptpgp/chapter_summaries-sommaires_chapitres.aspx?lang=eng.
Gurjit, S. (2019, 17 January 2019). India, Japan and the Asia Africa Growth Corridor.
Publish In Gatewayhouse News. https://www.gatewayhouse.in/japan-aagc/
Hand, M. (2018, Feb 19, 2018). Exclusive: Malacca Straits VLCC Traffic Doubles in a
Decade as Shipping Traffic Hits all Time High in 2017. https://www.seatrade-
maritime.com/asia/exclusive-malacca-straits-vlcc-traffic-doubles-decade-shipping-traffic-
hits-all-time-high-2017.
Hong, Z. (2018). Chinese and Japanese Infrastructure Investment in Southeast Asia: From
Rivalry to Cooperation. Institute of Developing Economies, Vol.689, 1-31.
Hughes, C. (2009). Japan’s Response to China’s Rise: Regional Engagement, Global
Containment, Dangers of Collision. The Royal Institute of International A
ffairs, (42), 837-56. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2346.2009.00830.x
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https://www.jbic.go.jp/en/business-areas/sectors/infrastructure.html.
Kelly, T. & Kubo, N. (2015). Gulf War Trauma Began Japan's Retreat from Pacifism.
https://www.reuters.com/article/us-japan-military-history-insight.
Latorre, M. & Hosoe, N. (2016). The Role of Japanese FDI in China. Jornal of Policy
Modeling, 38(2), 1-16. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpolmod.2016.02.003.
Mimouni, M. (2017). Structure and Tariff Impact of the TPP Agreement. International
Trade Centre (ITC). 1-40
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Budget Request. https://www.mod.go.jp/e/d_act/d_budget/pdf/ 200225a.pdf.
Miyashita, A. (2013). Japanese Foreign Policy: The International-Domestic Nexus. In: R.
K. Beasley, J. Kaarbo, J. S. Lantis, M. T. Snarr, Foreign Policy in Comparative
Perspective, (pp 138-161).
Mohammadi, E. (2004). Theories of International Political Economy. Journal of
Humanities (Imam Hossein University), 54, 10-55. [in Persian].
Moshirzadeh, H. (2020). Evolution in Theories of International Relations. Tehran:
Humanities Research and Development Research Institute. [in Persian].
New Zealand Foreign Affairs & Trade (2018). Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement
for Trans-Pacific Partnership. National Interest Analysis. 1-245.
Nikkei Asian Review (2018, June 8, 2018). Japan Expands Loans to Global Infrastructure
Projects. https://asia.nikkei.com/Economy/Japan-expands-loans-to-global-infrastructure-
projects.
Pascha, W. (2020). Belts, Roads, and Regions: The Dynamics of Chinese and Japanese
Infrastructure Connectivity Initiatives and Europe’s Responses. Asian Development Bank
Institute. ADBI Working Paper Series. NO 1114. pp 1-20.
Payandeh Nejad, M. (2018). The Impacts of Expansion of Intra-Regional Trade Relations
on the Eastern Asian Security Dilemma (2010-2018): Strategic Consequences for the
Islamic Republic of Iran. Unpublished Master. The Shahid Beheshti University: Iran,
Tehran
Polanyi, K. (1957). The Great Transformation-The Political and Economic Origins of our
Time. United Stat, Boston.
Pour Rastami, N. (2018). Degree of Trade Dependence of East Asian Countries Using the
Given Table - Asian International Standard. Journal of Economy and New Trade, 13(2), 1-
27. [in Persian].
Privacy Shield Framework (2019). Japan-Defense Procurement. https://www.
privacyshield.gov/article?id=Japan-Defense-Procurement.
Przystup, J. J. (2015). The U.S.-Japan Alliance: Review of the Guidelines for Defense
Cooperation. National Defense University Press Washington, D.C. Institute for National
Strategic Studies Strategic Perspectives, No. 18, pp 49.
Qin, C. & Masutomo, T. (2013, 3 April 2013). Why Japan Dominates Leadership of Asian
Development Bank, https://www.cnbc.com/id/100614728
Qu, X. & Meng, Q. (2012). The Economic Importance of the Straits of Malacca and
Singapore: An Extreme-Scenario Analysis. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering. National University of Singapore, pp 258-268. DOI:
10.1016/j.tre.2011.08.005.
Regoli, N. (2018, Jul 23). 17 Big Advantages and Disadvantages of Foreign Direct
Investment. Published in connect us Fund. https://connectusfund.org/17-big-advantages-
and-disadvantages-of-foreign-direct-investment.
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and Innovative Development. African Development Bank Meeting. Ahmedabad (India). pp
1-16.
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Journal of Asia Pacific Studies, 1(2), 1-314.
Rossiter, A. (2018). The Free and Open Indo-Pacific Strategy and Japan’s Emerging
Security Posture. Institute of International & Civil Security, 3(2), 113-131.
Runde, D. & McKeown, S. (2019). The Asian Development Bank: A Strategic Asset for the
United States. Center for Strategic & International Studies (CSIS).
https://www.csis.org/analysis/asian-development-bank-strategic-asset-united-States.
Sadria, M. (2008). Japan, America and East Asia. Journal of Foreign Policy, 22(4), 1057-
1080.[in Persian].
Sazmand, B., & Ramezani, A. (2018). China and Japan, Two Rival Trans-Regional
Initiatives in Asia-Pacific. Journal of World Politics, 7(1), 80-51. [in Persian].
Shinzo, A. (2013). Opening Statement. First Meeting. The Ministerial Meeting on Strategy
Relating Infrastructure Export and Economic Cooperation. Prime Minister of Japan and
His Cabinet Homepage. https://japan.kantei.go.jp/
96_abe/actions/201303/13kki_kaigi_e.html.
Siripala, T. (2018, December 26). Japan’s Defense Budget Swells to Counter China’s
Growing Military Threat. The Diplomat. https://thediplomat.com/2018/12/
japans-defense-budget-swells-to-counter-chinas-growing-military-threat/.
Soderberg, M. (2005). Changes in Japan’s Foreign and Security Policy. European institute
of Japanese Studies (EIJS), pp 1-9.
Tessman, B. & Wolfe, W. (2011). Great Powers and Strategic Hedging: The Case of
Chinese Energy Security Strategy. International Studies Review, 13(2), pp 214-240, DOI:
10.1111/j.1468-2486.2011.01022.x.
Walt, S. M. (1997). Why Alliances Endure or Collapse. Survival: Global Politics and
Strategy, 39(1), pp 156-179, DOI: 10.1080/00396339708442901.
Waltz, K. (1979). International Political Theory. (R, Talebi Arani, Trans.): Mokhatab
Publishing. [in Persian].
West, J. (2020). The China-Japan Economic Relationship Is Getting Stronger. Brink the
Edge of Risk. https://www.brinknews.com/the-china-japan-economic-relationship-is-
getting-stronger/.
Wong, C. (2020). US-China Rivalry: is the Quad on Track to Take on Beijing. South China
Morning post. https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/
3104571/us-china-rivalry-quads-rise-serious-threat-beijings-security.
Wurf, H., Pryke, J. & Annmaree, O. A. (2017). Strengthening the Asian Development Bank
in 21st century Asia. Lowy Institute. Australia. pp 1-78. Citable URI:
http://hdl.handle.net/11540/7089.
(FY 2019 - FY 2023). 1-37. https://www.mod.go.jp/j/approach/
agenda/guideline/pdf/chuki_seibi31-35_e.pdf.
Japan Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC) (2020). Infrastructure.
https://www.jbic.go.jp/en/business-areas/sectors/infrastructure.html.
Kelly, T. & Kubo, N. (2015). Gulf War Trauma Began Japan's Retreat from Pacifism.
https://www.reuters.com/article/us-japan-military-history-insight.
Latorre, M. & Hosoe, N. (2016). The Role of Japanese FDI in China. Jornal of Policy
Modeling, 38(2), 1-16. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpolmod.2016.02.003.
Mimouni, M. (2017). Structure and Tariff Impact of the TPP Agreement. International
Trade Centre (ITC). 1-40
Ministry of Defense (2020). Defense Programs and Budget of Japan-Overview of FY2020
Budget Request. https://www.mod.go.jp/e/d_act/d_budget/pdf/ 200225a.pdf.
Miyashita, A. (2013). Japanese Foreign Policy: The International-Domestic Nexus. In: R.
K. Beasley, J. Kaarbo, J. S. Lantis, M. T. Snarr, Foreign Policy in Comparative
Perspective, (pp 138-161).
Mohammadi, E. (2004). Theories of International Political Economy. Journal of
Humanities (Imam Hossein University), 54, 10-55. [in Persian].
Moshirzadeh, H. (2020). Evolution in Theories of International Relations. Tehran:
Humanities Research and Development Research Institute. [in Persian].
New Zealand Foreign Affairs & Trade (2018). Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement
for Trans-Pacific Partnership. National Interest Analysis. 1-245.
Nikkei Asian Review (2018, June 8, 2018). Japan Expands Loans to Global Infrastructure
Projects. https://asia.nikkei.com/Economy/Japan-expands-loans-to-global-infrastructure-
projects.
Pascha, W. (2020). Belts, Roads, and Regions: The Dynamics of Chinese and Japanese
Infrastructure Connectivity Initiatives and Europe’s Responses. Asian Development Bank
Institute. ADBI Working Paper Series. NO 1114. pp 1-20.
Payandeh Nejad, M. (2018). The Impacts of Expansion of Intra-Regional Trade Relations
on the Eastern Asian Security Dilemma (2010-2018): Strategic Consequences for the
Islamic Republic of Iran. Unpublished Master. The Shahid Beheshti University: Iran,
Tehran
Polanyi, K. (1957). The Great Transformation-The Political and Economic Origins of our
Time. United Stat, Boston.
Pour Rastami, N. (2018). Degree of Trade Dependence of East Asian Countries Using the
Given Table - Asian International Standard. Journal of Economy and New Trade, 13(2), 1-
27. [in Persian].
Privacy Shield Framework (2019). Japan-Defense Procurement. https://www.
privacyshield.gov/article?id=Japan-Defense-Procurement.
Przystup, J. J. (2015). The U.S.-Japan Alliance: Review of the Guidelines for Defense
Cooperation. National Defense University Press Washington, D.C. Institute for National
Strategic Studies Strategic Perspectives, No. 18, pp 49.
Qin, C. & Masutomo, T. (2013, 3 April 2013). Why Japan Dominates Leadership of Asian
Development Bank, https://www.cnbc.com/id/100614728
Qu, X. & Meng, Q. (2012). The Economic Importance of the Straits of Malacca and
Singapore: An Extreme-Scenario Analysis. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering. National University of Singapore, pp 258-268. DOI:
10.1016/j.tre.2011.08.005.
Regoli, N. (2018, Jul 23). 17 Big Advantages and Disadvantages of Foreign Direct
Investment. Published in connect us Fund. https://connectusfund.org/17-big-advantages-
and-disadvantages-of-foreign-direct-investment.
RIS, ERIA, IDE JETRO (2017). Asia Africa Growth Corridor Partnership for Sustainable
and Innovative Development. African Development Bank Meeting. Ahmedabad (India). pp
1-16.
Robinson, D. (2010). Why the West Should Discourage Japanese Military Expansion.
Journal of Asia Pacific Studies, 1(2), 1-314.
Rossiter, A. (2018). The Free and Open Indo-Pacific Strategy and Japan’s Emerging
Security Posture. Institute of International & Civil Security, 3(2), 113-131.
Runde, D. & McKeown, S. (2019). The Asian Development Bank: A Strategic Asset for the
United States. Center for Strategic & International Studies (CSIS).
https://www.csis.org/analysis/asian-development-bank-strategic-asset-united-States.
Sadria, M. (2008). Japan, America and East Asia. Journal of Foreign Policy, 22(4), 1057-
1080.[in Persian].
Sazmand, B., & Ramezani, A. (2018). China and Japan, Two Rival Trans-Regional
Initiatives in Asia-Pacific. Journal of World Politics, 7(1), 80-51. [in Persian].
Shinzo, A. (2013). Opening Statement. First Meeting. The Ministerial Meeting on Strategy
Relating Infrastructure Export and Economic Cooperation. Prime Minister of Japan and
His Cabinet Homepage. https://japan.kantei.go.jp/
96_abe/actions/201303/13kki_kaigi_e.html.
Siripala, T. (2018, December 26). Japan’s Defense Budget Swells to Counter China’s
Growing Military Threat. The Diplomat. https://thediplomat.com/2018/12/
japans-defense-budget-swells-to-counter-chinas-growing-military-threat/.
Soderberg, M. (2005). Changes in Japan’s Foreign and Security Policy. European institute
of Japanese Studies (EIJS), pp 1-9.
Tessman, B. & Wolfe, W. (2011). Great Powers and Strategic Hedging: The Case of
Chinese Energy Security Strategy. International Studies Review, 13(2), pp 214-240, DOI:
10.1111/j.1468-2486.2011.01022.x.
Walt, S. M. (1997). Why Alliances Endure or Collapse. Survival: Global Politics and
Strategy, 39(1), pp 156-179, DOI: 10.1080/00396339708442901.
Waltz, K. (1979). International Political Theory. (R, Talebi Arani, Trans.): Mokhatab
Publishing. [in Persian].
West, J. (2020). The China-Japan Economic Relationship Is Getting Stronger. Brink the
Edge of Risk. https://www.brinknews.com/the-china-japan-economic-relationship-is-
getting-stronger/.
Wong, C. (2020). US-China Rivalry: is the Quad on Track to Take on Beijing. South China
Morning post. https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/
3104571/us-china-rivalry-quads-rise-serious-threat-beijings-security.
Wurf, H., Pryke, J. & Annmaree, O. A. (2017). Strengthening the Asian Development Bank
in 21st century Asia. Lowy Institute. Australia. pp 1-78. Citable URI:
http://hdl.handle.net/11540/7089.
)
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