Document Type : Original Article
Authors
razi kermanshah
Abstract
Managing regional crises requires the formation of cooperation and intgration between countries in the region. Solving environmental crises is one of the issues that is no exception. Obviously, in the absence of regional convergence, managing this crisis will face a real challenge. The environmental crisis, in particular the crisis of the microstats, which has been a serious challenge to the Middle East region in recent years, calls for regional cooperation. But contrary to expectations, countries in the region have not been willing to form a cooperative regime. In this research, the barriers to the formation of this convergence have been investigated. The question is, what are the barriers to the establishment of an environmental cooperation regime in the Middle East? The thesis hypothesis is that managing environmental crises requires a set of factors such as consensus, multilateral diplomacy and international regimes, in the current Middle East region, the existence of crises and political conflicts, including the occupation of Iraq, the developments of 2011 Its implications as well as hydropolitan disputes between countries in the region have created unfavorable conditions for the management of environmental crises, including the problem of waterfalls. In this thesis, the analytical-descriptive method has been used.
Keywords
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Sassanids from the Arabs". Hafez, (103). 22-21. (in Persian)
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May. (in Persian)
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of the First International Conference on Dust, Factors and Consequences
Management, May. (in Persian)
Asgarkhani, Abu Mohammad (2002). "Theory of International Regimes". Journal
of the Faculty of Law and Political Science 57( 508). (in Persian)
Asiaei, Mehdi (2006). "Drought Monitoring in Mashhad Using Palmer Drought
Index". Journal of Geography and Regional Development, 7. (in Persian)
Baoj Lahouti, Mehrdad (2016). "The Occurrence of Dust Problems Due to the
Negligence of Neighboring Countries". available at: www.salamatnews.com. (in Persian)
Barqi, Hamid & Ghanbari, Yousef (2010). "Water Crisis, the Basic Challenge of
the Islamic World". Proceedings of the Fourth International Congress of
Geographers of the Islamic World. (in Persian)
Besharati, Mohammad Reza & Lohrasbi Nachkoohi, Shahab (2016). "Study of the
Role of Qatar in the Syrian Crisis and its Impact on the Political Security of
the Islamic Republic of Iran". Defense Management and Research. (80) pp.
92-59. (in Persian)
Cordesman, Anthony & Khazai, Sam (2014). "Iraq in Crisis". Middle East Report.
Available at: csis (center for strategic and international studies).
Dashti, Tarnam (2016). "The Phenomenon of Hostage Dust in the Region Security
Crisis/ The Future Challenge of Iraq is the Environmental Crisis". available at:
Khabarfarsi.com(in Persian)
Ebrahimi, Nabiollah (2015). "Wahhabi Salafism; Identity Distinctions of Saudi
Arabia and Iran". National Studies, (63), 160-145. (in Persian)
Asadi, Ali Akbar (2012). "Foreign Policy of the New Iraq and National Security of
the Islamic Republic of Iran". Strategic Studies of the Islamic World, (52), 86-
61. (in Persian)
Enayati Shabkalai, Ali; Atharin, Seyed Assadollah & Haji Mina, Rahmat (2015).
"A Comparative Study of Iran-Turkey Public Diplomacy in Iraq and Syria".
Political Studies of the Islamic World, (14), 94-73. (in Persian)
Eyvazi, Mohammad Rahim & Hosseini Abdullah (2015). "The Future of Iran-
Turkey Relations in the Light of Recent Developments in the Arab World".
Political Studies of the Islamic World, ( 14), 120-95. (in Persian)
Gerhart, Mazur & Azarang, Abdolhossein (1988). "What is a Crisis and When
Does it Occur". Kayhan Farhangi, (51), 23-20. (in Persian)
Ghaffari Gilande, Atta; Nazmfar, Hossein & Farokheh, Saman, (2016). "Study of
the Origin of Fine Dust and its Environmental Challenges and Provide a
Solution to deal with Dust Storms". The Third Scientific Conference on New
Horizons in Geography and Planning, Architecture and Urban Planning in
Iran. June . (in Persian)
Gholami, Tahmourth & Ahmadian, Qudratullah (2014). "The Nature of
Government and National Security in Iraq". Defense Policy, (88), 152-115. (in
Persian)
Haghighi, Ali Mohammad & Klitsch, Ali Akbar (2016). "Future Studies of Iran-
Saudi Arabia Relations". Future Studies and Policy Studies, (2), 4, 26-21. (in
Persian)
Hosseini, Seyed Mohammad (2012). "Legal study of fine Dust from the Perspective of Faramarz Pollution with a Brief Look at the Situation in Iran",
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Hydropolitics on Iraq-Turkey Relations with Emphasis on the Tigris and
Euphrates". Political Studies of the Islamic World, 5, (17). (in Persian)
Karamshahi, Sakineh et al. (2013). "Dust Generation and Use of Nanotechnology
as a Solution to Prevent air Pollution". Proceedings of the First International
Conference on Dust, Factors and Consequences Management. May. (in
Persian)
Karimi Ahmadabad, Mustafa & Shokouhi Razi, Kamyar (2011). "In the action of
Atmospheric Circulation and Land Cover in the Mechanism of Formation and
Spread of Summer Dust Storms in the Middle East (Dust Storm July 2009)".
Natural Geography Research, (78). 130 -113. (in Persian)
Kaviani Rad, Morad (2016). "Regional Cooperation; A Solution to the Dust
Problem". National Security Watch Monthly, (52). (in Persian)
Kermani, Majid; Taherian, Elham & Izanloo, Maryam (2016). "Analysis of
Satellite Images of Fine Dust and Dust Storms in Iran in Order to Investigate
Internal and External Sources and Their Control Methods". Rahavard Salamat
Journal, 2, (1). (in Persian)
Keshavarz Shokri, Abbas & Sadeghian, Hajar (2013). "Foreign Policy and
Positions of the Iranian and Turkish Governments on the Syrian Crisis".
Political Research in the Islamic World, ( 9), 106-75. (in Persian)
Khaleqinejad, Maryam (2017) "Turkish Hydropolitical and Water Threats to Iran's
Interests". Available at: www.iiwfs.com (in Persian)
khandan, Syrus; Rokabian, Rashid & Elehpour, Mehrdad (2016). "An Autopsy of
the Yemeni Political-Security Crisis from the Perspective of the Copenhagen
School". Political Strategy Quarterly, (4),12. (in Persian)
Masoud Nia, Hossein; Foroughi, Atefeh & Chalmaghani, Marzieh (2012). "Turkey
and the Syrian crisis from mediation to support for the opposition". Political
Studies of the Islamic World, (4), 110-83. (in Persian)
Mirsanjari, Mir Mehrdad (2017). "Turkish Hydropolitics and Environmental Crises
in Iran and the Middle East". International Center for Peace Studies. available
at: Peace-ipsc.org. (in Persian)
Opportunities and Threats". Geopolitical Special Issue, 226-194. (in Persian)
Akbari Rad, Tayebeh, (2013). "The Role of Islamic Teachings in Reducing
Environmental Crises". Environmental Science, 39, (1),. 80-73. (in Persian)
Amin, Seyyed Hassan (2013). "Iraqi Dust is One of the Factors in the Defeat of the
Sassanids from the Arabs". Hafez, (103). 22-21. (in Persian)
Amiri, Ali, Omid, Mehdi & Ahmadi, Hamin (2013). "Study of the Role of Political
Factors in Aggravating the Dust Phenomenon". Proceedings of the First
International Conference on Dust. Factors and Consequences Management,
May. (in Persian)
Asgari, Sohrab (2013). "Environmental Geopolitics and Arab Dust". Proceedings
of the First International Conference on Dust, Factors and Consequences
Management, May. (in Persian)
Asgarkhani, Abu Mohammad (2002). "Theory of International Regimes". Journal
of the Faculty of Law and Political Science 57( 508). (in Persian)
Asiaei, Mehdi (2006). "Drought Monitoring in Mashhad Using Palmer Drought
Index". Journal of Geography and Regional Development, 7. (in Persian)
Baoj Lahouti, Mehrdad (2016). "The Occurrence of Dust Problems Due to the
Negligence of Neighboring Countries". available at: www.salamatnews.com. (in Persian)
Barqi, Hamid & Ghanbari, Yousef (2010). "Water Crisis, the Basic Challenge of
the Islamic World". Proceedings of the Fourth International Congress of
Geographers of the Islamic World. (in Persian)
Besharati, Mohammad Reza & Lohrasbi Nachkoohi, Shahab (2016). "Study of the
Role of Qatar in the Syrian Crisis and its Impact on the Political Security of
the Islamic Republic of Iran". Defense Management and Research. (80) pp.
92-59. (in Persian)
Cordesman, Anthony & Khazai, Sam (2014). "Iraq in Crisis". Middle East Report.
Available at: csis (center for strategic and international studies).
Dashti, Tarnam (2016). "The Phenomenon of Hostage Dust in the Region Security
Crisis/ The Future Challenge of Iraq is the Environmental Crisis". available at:
Khabarfarsi.com(in Persian)
Ebrahimi, Nabiollah (2015). "Wahhabi Salafism; Identity Distinctions of Saudi
Arabia and Iran". National Studies, (63), 160-145. (in Persian)
Asadi, Ali Akbar (2012). "Foreign Policy of the New Iraq and National Security of
the Islamic Republic of Iran". Strategic Studies of the Islamic World, (52), 86-
61. (in Persian)
Enayati Shabkalai, Ali; Atharin, Seyed Assadollah & Haji Mina, Rahmat (2015).
"A Comparative Study of Iran-Turkey Public Diplomacy in Iraq and Syria".
Political Studies of the Islamic World, (14), 94-73. (in Persian)
Eyvazi, Mohammad Rahim & Hosseini Abdullah (2015). "The Future of Iran-
Turkey Relations in the Light of Recent Developments in the Arab World".
Political Studies of the Islamic World, ( 14), 120-95. (in Persian)
Gerhart, Mazur & Azarang, Abdolhossein (1988). "What is a Crisis and When
Does it Occur". Kayhan Farhangi, (51), 23-20. (in Persian)
Ghaffari Gilande, Atta; Nazmfar, Hossein & Farokheh, Saman, (2016). "Study of
the Origin of Fine Dust and its Environmental Challenges and Provide a
Solution to deal with Dust Storms". The Third Scientific Conference on New
Horizons in Geography and Planning, Architecture and Urban Planning in
Iran. June . (in Persian)
Gholami, Tahmourth & Ahmadian, Qudratullah (2014). "The Nature of
Government and National Security in Iraq". Defense Policy, (88), 152-115. (in
Persian)
Haghighi, Ali Mohammad & Klitsch, Ali Akbar (2016). "Future Studies of Iran-
Saudi Arabia Relations". Future Studies and Policy Studies, (2), 4, 26-21. (in
Persian)
Hosseini, Seyed Mohammad (2012). "Legal study of fine Dust from the Perspective of Faramarz Pollution with a Brief Look at the Situation in Iran",
Environment, 52. (in Persian)
Joyce.R, Star; A. Tabatabai (1992). "Water Crisis Underlying Future Conflicts in
the Middle East". Quarterly Journal of Political-Economic Information, (55-
56), 46-40. (in Persian)
Jumeh, Shahrbanoo (2016). "Iran-Riyadh Diplomatic Roots". Jam Jam Newspaper,
available at: http://www.irna.ir/fa/News/82373765. (in Persian)
Karami, Afshin, Hassanzadeh, Javad & Pishgahifard, Zahra (2016). "The Impact of
Hydropolitics on Iraq-Turkey Relations with Emphasis on the Tigris and
Euphrates". Political Studies of the Islamic World, 5, (17). (in Persian)
Karamshahi, Sakineh et al. (2013). "Dust Generation and Use of Nanotechnology
as a Solution to Prevent air Pollution". Proceedings of the First International
Conference on Dust, Factors and Consequences Management. May. (in
Persian)
Karimi Ahmadabad, Mustafa & Shokouhi Razi, Kamyar (2011). "In the action of
Atmospheric Circulation and Land Cover in the Mechanism of Formation and
Spread of Summer Dust Storms in the Middle East (Dust Storm July 2009)".
Natural Geography Research, (78). 130 -113. (in Persian)
Kaviani Rad, Morad (2016). "Regional Cooperation; A Solution to the Dust
Problem". National Security Watch Monthly, (52). (in Persian)
Kermani, Majid; Taherian, Elham & Izanloo, Maryam (2016). "Analysis of
Satellite Images of Fine Dust and Dust Storms in Iran in Order to Investigate
Internal and External Sources and Their Control Methods". Rahavard Salamat
Journal, 2, (1). (in Persian)
Keshavarz Shokri, Abbas & Sadeghian, Hajar (2013). "Foreign Policy and
Positions of the Iranian and Turkish Governments on the Syrian Crisis".
Political Research in the Islamic World, ( 9), 106-75. (in Persian)
Khaleqinejad, Maryam (2017) "Turkish Hydropolitical and Water Threats to Iran's
Interests". Available at: www.iiwfs.com (in Persian)
khandan, Syrus; Rokabian, Rashid & Elehpour, Mehrdad (2016). "An Autopsy of
the Yemeni Political-Security Crisis from the Perspective of the Copenhagen
School". Political Strategy Quarterly, (4),12. (in Persian)
Masoud Nia, Hossein; Foroughi, Atefeh & Chalmaghani, Marzieh (2012). "Turkey
and the Syrian crisis from mediation to support for the opposition". Political
Studies of the Islamic World, (4), 110-83. (in Persian)
Mirsanjari, Mir Mehrdad (2017). "Turkish Hydropolitics and Environmental Crises
in Iran and the Middle East". International Center for Peace Studies. available
at: Peace-ipsc.org. (in Persian)
Mokhtari Hashi, Hossein & Ghaderi Hajat, Mostafa (2008). "Middle East
Hydropolitics on the Horizon of 2025 AD; Case Study: Tigris and Euphrates
Basins, Jordan River and Nile River". Geopolitics, (4), 1, 74-36. (in Persian)
Mosllanejad, Abbas, (2012). "Identification of Shiites and the New Geopolitics of
the Middle East". Geopolitical Quarterly, (8), 1, 171-135. (in Persian)
Mousavi, Aziz (2016). "The Phenomenon of Dust Hostage Crisis in the Region;
Iraq's Next Challenge is the Environmental Crisis", available at:
http://www.irna.ir/
fa/News/82443273. (in Persian)
Mousavi, Seyed Hafez et al. (2016). "The Impact of the Arab World Developments
on the Regional Policy of Iran and Turkey". Geopolitics, (41), 188-166. (in
Persian)
Naqibi, Mohsen, (2015). "ISIL and Dust mites, Iran-era News analytics Site".
available at: www.asriran.com. (in Persian) .
Noorani, Mahmoud (1396). "The Dust Crisis; A Challenging Factor in Human
Security in Southwest Asia". available at: www.farsnews.com. (in Persian)
Ranjbar Heydari, Vahid & Jamshidi, Ebrahim (2016). "Study of the Concept of
Environmental Security with a Look at the Challenges of Environmental
Security in Iran". Socio-Cultural Strategy, (21), 227-199. (in Persian)
Ranjkesh, Mohammad Javad & Latifan, Navid Reza (2016). "Study of the Impact
of Russia-US Competition on the Convergence and Regional Divergence of
Central Asia (2001-2008)". Quarterly Journal of Central Eurasian Studies,
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Motivational Realism (2015-2015)". Quarterly Journal of International
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Journal of Government Studies, (2), 5, 165-202. (in Persian)
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of Geopolitical Political Developments in Iraqi Kurdistan on the National
Security of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Influential Role of the United
States and Israel in It (Based on the Copenhagen School and the Regional
Security Complex). International Politics and Magazine, (3), 6. (in Persian)
Saei, Ahmad &Masoumi, Majid, (2010). "Terrorism Strategy, Government
Security and Individual Security". Encyclopedia, (78), 103-77. (in Persian)
Shahbazi, Tahoora (2015). "The Smoke of War in the Eyes of the Environment /
ISIL, a New Environmental Threat in the Middle East". Available at:
www.khabaronline.ir(in Persian)
Sika, Saaduddin (2013). "Explaining the Regional Position of Iran and Saudi
Arabia after 2003 Based on the Theory of Position Allocation". Middle East
Studies, (74), 96-73. (in Persian)
Tabnak, (2017). "Saudi Arabia's confrontation with Iran's International Effort to
Combat Dust". available at: fa / news / 706534http: //www.tabnak.ir/(in
Persian)
Terrill, Andrew (2011). "The Saudi-Iranian Rivalry and the Future of Middle East
Security (2011)". Available in www.dtic mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a555137.pdf.
Toofan, Massoud, (2010). "Challenges and Prospects of Regional Cooperation in
Dust Control". Foreign Policy, (95), 958-943.
Watkins, Kevin & Brentell, Anders, (2007). "How to Avoid Water War". Western
Tourism, (45), 128-123.
Yaghoubifar, Hamed (2013). "Typology of Turkish Foreign Policy in the Middle
East". Foreign Policy, (107), 988-965.( in Persian)
Zeihan, Peter (2006). "The Next Iraq War, Sectarianism and Civil Conflict".
Middle East Report, No 52-27 february 2006, Available at:
http://zeihan.com/the-next-iraq-war/.
Zolfaghari, Hassan (2013). "Dust: A Review of Scientific Studies and Risk
Management in Iran". Proceedings of the First International Conference on
Dust, Factors and Consequences Management, May.
Hydropolitics on the Horizon of 2025 AD; Case Study: Tigris and Euphrates
Basins, Jordan River and Nile River". Geopolitics, (4), 1, 74-36. (in Persian)
Mosllanejad, Abbas, (2012). "Identification of Shiites and the New Geopolitics of
the Middle East". Geopolitical Quarterly, (8), 1, 171-135. (in Persian)
Mousavi, Aziz (2016). "The Phenomenon of Dust Hostage Crisis in the Region;
Iraq's Next Challenge is the Environmental Crisis", available at:
http://www.irna.ir/
fa/News/82443273. (in Persian)
Mousavi, Seyed Hafez et al. (2016). "The Impact of the Arab World Developments
on the Regional Policy of Iran and Turkey". Geopolitics, (41), 188-166. (in
Persian)
Naqibi, Mohsen, (2015). "ISIL and Dust mites, Iran-era News analytics Site".
available at: www.asriran.com. (in Persian) .
Noorani, Mahmoud (1396). "The Dust Crisis; A Challenging Factor in Human
Security in Southwest Asia". available at: www.farsnews.com. (in Persian)
Ranjbar Heydari, Vahid & Jamshidi, Ebrahim (2016). "Study of the Concept of
Environmental Security with a Look at the Challenges of Environmental
Security in Iran". Socio-Cultural Strategy, (21), 227-199. (in Persian)
Ranjkesh, Mohammad Javad & Latifan, Navid Reza (2016). "Study of the Impact
of Russia-US Competition on the Convergence and Regional Divergence of
Central Asia (2001-2008)". Quarterly Journal of Central Eurasian Studies,
(9), 2, 288-269. (in Persian)
Rezaei Moghadam, Mohammad Hossein & Mehdian Boroujeni, Mojtaba (2015).
"Detection of Particulate Matter Using AVHRR Sensor Images of NOAA
Satellite (Case Study: Southwest of Iran)". Geography and Environmental
Sustainability, (17), 13-1. (in Persian)
Rezaei, Narges (2017). "Iranian Researcher: Turkey Has an Important Role in
Water Supply in the Region in the Future, Anatolian News Agency". available
at: Natewspaper.com(in Persian)
Rostami, Farzad; Eyoman, Mohammad Saleh & Habili, Karam Reza (2015).
"Persian Gulf Regional Security System and Its Impact on Post-Saddam Iraqi
National Security". Strategy Quarterly, (25), 78, 191-220. (in Persian)
Sadeghi Aval, Hadi; Naqdi Eshratabad, Jafar & Mirkoushesh, Amir Houshang
(2015). "Analysis of Iran-Saudi Arabia Relations from the Perspective of
Motivational Realism (2015-2015)". Quarterly Journal of International
Political Research, (25), 156-129. (in Persian)
Sadeghi, Seyed Shamsuddin & Naderi, Massoud (2016). "Analysis of the Dimensions of Government Security in Iran in the 21st century". Quarterly
Journal of Government Studies, (2), 5, 165-202. (in Persian)
Sadeghi, Seyed Shamsuddin (1997). "Hydropolitics and the Water Crisis: Future
Challenges in the Middle East and the Persian Gulf". Political and Economic
Information, (115 -116), 207-200. (in Persian)
Sadeghi, Shamsuddin; Ahmadian, Ghodrat & Safaei, Alireza (1399). "The Impact
of Geopolitical Political Developments in Iraqi Kurdistan on the National
Security of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Influential Role of the United
States and Israel in It (Based on the Copenhagen School and the Regional
Security Complex). International Politics and Magazine, (3), 6. (in Persian)
Saei, Ahmad &Masoumi, Majid, (2010). "Terrorism Strategy, Government
Security and Individual Security". Encyclopedia, (78), 103-77. (in Persian)
Shahbazi, Tahoora (2015). "The Smoke of War in the Eyes of the Environment /
ISIL, a New Environmental Threat in the Middle East". Available at:
www.khabaronline.ir(in Persian)
Sika, Saaduddin (2013). "Explaining the Regional Position of Iran and Saudi
Arabia after 2003 Based on the Theory of Position Allocation". Middle East
Studies, (74), 96-73. (in Persian)
Tabnak, (2017). "Saudi Arabia's confrontation with Iran's International Effort to
Combat Dust". available at: fa / news / 706534http: //www.tabnak.ir/(in
Persian)
Terrill, Andrew (2011). "The Saudi-Iranian Rivalry and the Future of Middle East
Security (2011)". Available in www.dtic mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a555137.pdf.
Toofan, Massoud, (2010). "Challenges and Prospects of Regional Cooperation in
Dust Control". Foreign Policy, (95), 958-943.
Watkins, Kevin & Brentell, Anders, (2007). "How to Avoid Water War". Western
Tourism, (45), 128-123.
Yaghoubifar, Hamed (2013). "Typology of Turkish Foreign Policy in the Middle
East". Foreign Policy, (107), 988-965.( in Persian)
Zeihan, Peter (2006). "The Next Iraq War, Sectarianism and Civil Conflict".
Middle East Report, No 52-27 february 2006, Available at:
http://zeihan.com/the-next-iraq-war/.
Zolfaghari, Hassan (2013). "Dust: A Review of Scientific Studies and Risk
Management in Iran". Proceedings of the First International Conference on
Dust, Factors and Consequences Management, May.
)
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