Document Type : مقالات
Authors
University of Guilan
Abstract
Abstract
The Middle East region has experienced various patterns and processes of statehood since the formation of national units. The Arab awakening which encompassed the huge part of the Middle East and North Africa since 2011 was promising a fundamental transformation in the statehood patterns following an intermittent period of decline and weakness. However, the mentioned developments have been coupled with political chaos, security crisis and even civil war. Countries such as Iraq, Libya, Syria, and Yemen in which the concepts of state and nation had not been realized and authoritarian regimes had been the main factor of the connection of the state's parts, have experienced a complicated situation regarding the indexes of fragility and vulnerability. This situation in Iraq goes back to the United States invasion of Iraq in 2003 and the fall of Saddam Hossein. However, the Arab spring and the erosion of state in the region have exacerbated the vulnerability and fragility of Iraq in an unprecedented way.
Keywords
References
Al-Khoei, H. (2013). Iraq: sunni resurgence feeds maliki’s fears, in Julien Barnes-Dacey & Daniel Levy, The regional struggle for Syria, European Council on Foreign Relations (ECFR).
Ayoob, M. (2015). Will the middle east implode? translated by Sajad Bahrami, Mehdi Zibaei, Tehran: research institute strategic studies, (in Persian).
Barmin, Y. (2017). Maliki in Moscow: what Iraq's former premier wants from Russia, Middle East Eye.
Cagaptay, S., & Yolbulan, C. (2016). The Kurds in Turkey: a gloomy future, The Washington Institute, Policy Analysis.
Costantini, I. (2015). State building versus state formation: the political economy of transition in Iraq and Libya, university of Trento, thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of doctor of philosophy in international studies
Dehghani Firoozabadi, J. (2015). Principles and fundamentals of international relations (1), Tehran: SAMT publication. (in Persian).
Daheshyar, H. (2007). Iraq: security as identity, Middle East Studies Quarterly, (14), 35-54. (in Persian).
Daheshyar, H. (2010). The state in the Arab Middle East: the invulnerability of the political system, Middle East Studies Quarterly, (17), 163 -185. (in Persian).
Daly, J. (2018). Russia reemerging as weapons supplier to Iraq, Eurasia Daily Monitor, 15(43).
Edwards, M. (2016). Turf war: Iraq and Turkey go head-to-head over Mosul, translated by Zohreh Shahriari, Iranian Diplomacy. (in Persian).
Fawcett, L. (2017). States and sovereignty in the Middle East: myths and realities, International Affairs, 93(4).
Foreign Policy Research. (2015). Consequences of Turkish attacks on northern Iraq, Center for Strategic Research, (in Persian).
Fragile States Index. (2016). Washington DC: Fund for Peace, http://fsi. fundforpeace.org/.
Fragile States Index. (2018). Washington DC: Fund for Peace, http://fsi. fundforpeace.org/.
Garayag Zandi, D. (2010). Nation-State building, national identity and rebuilding process in Iraq: historical experiences and future horizons, Strategic Studies Quarterly, (47), pp. 5-36. (in Persian).
Gause, G. (2014). Beyond Sectarianism: The New Middle East Cold War, Brookings Doha Center Analysis Paper, (11).
Global Peace Index. )2018). http://www.visionofhumanity.org/app/uploads/2018/ 06/Global-Peace-Index-2018-2.pdf.
Global Security. (2018). Kurdish people’s protection unit YPG, https://www. Globalsecurity.org/military/world/para/ypg.htm.
Hatami, M., & Sanyar, M. (2017). Referendum in the Kurdistan region of Iraq; root causes and obstacles of establishing an independent state, Strategic Studies Quarterly, (76), 85-112. (in Persian).
Kazemi, H. (2017). Identity uprisings, fragile states and geopolitical crises in the Middle East, International Quarterly of Geopolitics, (45), 146-172. (in Persian).
Kolaee, E., & Akbari, Z. (2017). Fragile state in Iraq and women security, Politic Quarterly, (47), 159-177. (in Persian).
Kolsto, P. (2006). The Sustainability and future of unrecognized quasi-states, Journal of Peace Research, 43(6).
Leftwich, A. (2006). States of development: on the primacy of politics in development, Mashhah: Marandiz publication. (in Persian).
Mansour, R. (2018). Rebuilding the Iraqi state: stabilization, governance, and reconciliation, European Union, European Parliament's Committee on Foreign Affairs.
Navaki H., & Ahmadian, Gh. (2016). Factors of ISIL's achieving power in Iraq, Political Science Quarterly, (72), 43-67. (in Persian).
Niakooee, A. (2015). The Examination of security crises in Iraq and Syria in light of theories of security, World Politics Quarterly, (5), 95-115. (in Persian).
Niakooee, A., & Moradi, S. (2015). The competition of regional powers in Iraq, Foreign Affairs International Quarterly, (25), 121-168. (in Persian).
Niakooee, A. (2016). The examination of the reasons behind the rise of takfiri groups in the Middle East (2011-2015), World Politics Quarterly, (8), 128-103. (in Persian).
Noori, A. (2017). Russian policy towards the Kurdish issue and independence of Kurdistan, The Network for Public Policy Studies (NPPS). (in Persian)
Poursaeed, F. (2010). Strategic assessment of future Iraq, Strategic Studies Quarterly, (13). 177-212. (in Persian)
Rezaei, M., & Tahami, M. (2017). Investigating regional security consequences of fragile states, case study of Iraq, Defense Policy Quarterly, (99), 153-189. (in Persian)
Rogan, E. (2012). The Emergence of the middle east into the modern state system, in: louise fawcett, International Relations of the Middle East, translated by Ahmad Soltani Nejad, Tehran: Institute for Political and International Studies (In Persian)
Sardarnia, Kh. (2012). Iraq: continuation of violence and democracy dream–A multilevel analysis, Strategy Quarterly, (63), 7-36. (in Persian)
Sardarnia, Kh. (2014). Introduction to political sociology of Middle East, Tehran: Mizan Legal Foundation (in Persian)
Sardarnia, Kh. & Hosseini, M. (2014). Social challenges of modern state-building in Afghanistan, World Politics Quarterly, (3), 37-63. (in Persian)
Sardarnia, Kh., & Zare, M. (2015). Federalism and political culture in Iraq, Foreign Affairs International Quarterly, (25), 169-190. (in Persian)
Sardarnia, Kh., & Amoyi, R. (2016). Analysis the failure of annehdeh islamists in Tunisia by theories of failed states and authority & efficiency crises, A Quarterly Journal of Political Studies of Islamic World, (18). 139-160. (in Persian)
Sariolghalam, M. (1995). Explaining the foundations of Iraqi foreign policy, Middle East Studies Quarterly, (5). 382-389. (in Persian)
Suchkov, M. (2018). Between Baghdad and Erbil: russia’s balancing act in Iraq, The London School of Economics and Political Science.
The World Bank. (2017). Development indicators (WDI) - 2017 - IDB aggregates, http://data.isdb.org/pxfdrcg/world-bank-development-indicators-wdi-2017-idb-aggregates?tsId=1082720.
The World Bank. (2018). The world bank in Iraq, http://www.worldbank. org/en/country/iraq/overview.
Transparency International Report. (2017). https://www.transparency.org/news/ feature/corruption_perceptions_index_2017.
Tripe, Ch. (2011). Iraq's foreign policies, in: Raymond A. Hinnebusch, Anoushiravan Ehteshami, The Foreign Policies of Middle East States, translated by Rahman Ghahremanpour, Morteza Mesah, Tehran: Imam Sadiq University publication. (in Persian)
Vallings, C. & Moreno-Torres, M. (2005). Drivers of fragility: what makes states fragile? department for international development, PRDE working paper, (7).
Yazdanfam, M. (2010). Fragile states and human security, Strategic Studies Quarterly, (12). 5-36. (in Persian)
Zahidul, M. (2013). Paradox of state fragility: exploring the role of international structure in the context of Bangladesh, thesis for MA, division of peace studies, university of Bradford.
)
Send comment about this article