Mohammad Ebrahim Forouzesh; a najafzadeh; Vahid Vahid Sinaei; Morteza Manshadi,
Abstract
Afghanistan is a country with diverse ethnic minorities that have been in conflict with each other, without much emphasis on nationalism. Lack of social cohesion has led to the dominance of tribal leaders in the country. On the other hand, modern nation-state building has been introduced through the ...
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Afghanistan is a country with diverse ethnic minorities that have been in conflict with each other, without much emphasis on nationalism. Lack of social cohesion has led to the dominance of tribal leaders in the country. On the other hand, modern nation-state building has been introduced through the French Revolution and colonization in India. These two ideologies have resulted in a cultural shock, tug of war between tradition and modernity, and violence in Afghanistan. Nationalism, which introduces traditional values into modern clothing, is in conflict with liberalism, which emphasizes post-enlightenment ideology and development in Europe, but has not been able to bring development to Afghanistan. Nationalism has led to division and animosity between the various cultures and ethnic groups in Afghanistan, resulting in social conflicts, weak nationalism, and underdevelopment. Armed uprisings, the emergence of terrorist groups, foreign intervention, the destruction of infrastructure, and the collapse of the developmental mindset are some of the consequences of this underdevelopment. This sociological-historical research aims to answer the question of how the delay in the formation of nationalism affected the development and led to the collapse of the developmental mindset in Afghanistan. The hypothesis is that the delay in the formation of civic nationalism, weak separation of private and public spheres in the eighth constitutional law, lack of historical background to liberal teachings, the non-sociological function of global society, and continuous ethnic nationalism without regard to the past have contributed to this collapse.
naser yosefzehy; morteza mendhadi
Abstract
The shape and form of social action in post-Taliban Afghanistan is different than that of the past. Government repression, militarism and the religious politics used to dominate Afghanistan in the Taliban era. However, the recently formed EnlightenmentMovement (2016) follows a peaceful approach to achieve ...
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The shape and form of social action in post-Taliban Afghanistan is different than that of the past. Government repression, militarism and the religious politics used to dominate Afghanistan in the Taliban era. However, the recently formed EnlightenmentMovement (2016) follows a peaceful approach to achieve its demands. Understanding this movement requires a basic knowledge of the modern dynamics of the political sociology of Afghanistan. This economic movement was the response of Hazara ethnicity to the shift of the electricity transmission line from Bamyan to Salang. This research investigates the background of peaceful occurrence of the Enlightenment Movement and its consequences. According to our hypothesis, democracy and modernization in Afghanistan have paved the way for the emergence of civil movements such as the Enlightenment. The hypothesis has been tested based on the collective behavior theory of Smelser. According to the findings, the increasing demand for economic justice and political participation by ethnic and religious minorities is a result of democracy in Afghanistan. Consequently, economic movements and peaceful competition over the fair distribution of energy resources (wealth) are a new form of collective action in post-Taliban Afghanistan.
alireza sahraee; mohsen khalili; Mortaza Menshadi; Rohollah Islami
Abstract
Abstract
This paper studies the writings of Mohammad Ali Foroughi, an influential Pahlavi era politician to construct a continuum of power according to the analytical model of Christopher Hill. This research aims to find out what aspects of the contimuim of power Foroughi was more interested in. We ...
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Abstract
This paper studies the writings of Mohammad Ali Foroughi, an influential Pahlavi era politician to construct a continuum of power according to the analytical model of Christopher Hill. This research aims to find out what aspects of the contimuim of power Foroughi was more interested in. We hypothesize that he preferred soft power over hard power because he knew Iran did not possess the essentials of hard power. This research follows the descriptive-analytical methodology to analyze relevant written sources.
Morteza Manshadi; Wahid Bahrami ‘Eyan al-Qazi
Abstract
Diplomacy is an institution as old as the state; and diplomats have always been alongside rulers. For most people, politics and diplomacy is a mysterious realm, full of astonishing rewards. In the common perception, politicians and diplomats were often seen as shrewd, ruthless, planner and sometimes ...
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Diplomacy is an institution as old as the state; and diplomats have always been alongside rulers. For most people, politics and diplomacy is a mysterious realm, full of astonishing rewards. In the common perception, politicians and diplomats were often seen as shrewd, ruthless, planner and sometimes just characters. Diplomacy was also considered as a technique which did not comply with fixed rules. Diplomats seldom wrote about their profession. The Shahnameh is a narration of Iranian rule from the beginning of their history until the fall of the Sassanid. A search in the Shahnameh reveals certain rules and features of diplomacy in ancient Iran. The main question in this study is: what were the characteristics of diplomatic and negotiation rules in ancient Iran? In response to this question, it is argued that due to the experimental nature of diplomacy, its rules and attributes have remained constant during the time. The etiquette of diplomacy and negotiation, however, has changed. Rereading the Shahnameh, which is the research method used in this paper, points to this conclusion.
