نوع مقاله : مقالات

نویسندگان

1 استادیار حقوق بین الملل دانشکده حقوق دانشگاه قم

2 دانشیار و مدیر گروه حقوق بین‌الملل، دانشکده حقوق، دانشگاه قم

چکیده

جانشینی کشور در زمینه مسئولیت بین ­المللی، از موضوعات چالش برانگیز حقوق بین  ­الملل دانسته می­ شود که صرف نظر از چند و چون جانشینی، پس از تحقق جانشینی مطمح نظر قرار می­ گیرد. چالشی بودن این موضوع، موجب شد تا کمیسیون حقوق بین ­الملل ملل متحد که نهاد علمی تدوین و توسعه تدریجی حقوق بین­ الملل است، نیز بارها از رسیدگی به آن سر باز زَنَد. حال آن که کمیسیون داوری ایالات متحد آمریکا-بریتانیا و دیوان بین ­المللی دادگستری به عنوان دو مرجع حقوقی برای حل و فصل مسالمت ­آمیز اختلافات بین ­المللی، طی تصمیماتی که گرفته ­اند و استدلال ­های مطروح، متضمن منبعی غنی در ایضاح آن دانسته می ­شوند. امری که دگربار، بر نقش محاکم حقوقی بین ­المللی در توسعه تدریجی حقوق بین ­الملل، در کنار رسالت اصلی آنان که حل و فصل مسالمت­ آمیز اختلافات بین ­المللی است صحه می ­گذارد. کنکاش در تصمیمات این دو مرجع حقوقی بین ­المللی به روشنی حکایت از دگردیسی مفهومی در زمینه امکان جانشینی کشور در زمینه مسئولیت بین ­المللی دارد. عدم جانشینی کشور در زمینه مسئولیت بین ­المللی که به صراحت در دو رأی کمیسیون داوری آمریکا-بریتانیا، به عنوان یک اصل خوانده شده بود، رفته رفته، در دیوان بین ­المللی دادگستری از آن عدول گردیده است. مقاله پیش رو از رهگذر مطالعه تطبیقی تصمیمات این دو محکمه حقوقی بین­ المللی، به تحول مفهومی و دامنه جانشینی کشور در زمینه مسئولیت بین ­المللی به منزله یک گزاره حقوقی بین ­المللی می­پردازد.

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