Ali Davtalab; Seyed Mohammad Ali Taghavi; Mohsen Khalili; Vahid Sinaei
Abstract
This study examines the internal causes of the Syrian crisis from the perspective of the development of ethnic and religious relationships in the country. the research question is: how the Syrian government's ethnic-religious policies have affected the ethnic-religious relations in this country, leading ...
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This study examines the internal causes of the Syrian crisis from the perspective of the development of ethnic and religious relationships in the country. the research question is: how the Syrian government's ethnic-religious policies have affected the ethnic-religious relations in this country, leading to the current crisis. This research covers the period beginning from the collapse of the Ottoman Empire until 2018. The research method is historical and its theoretical framework is the "Ethnic Policy Patterns" presented by Martin Marger. According to this framework, the Syrian government's ethnic-religious policy during the French mandate was “unequal pluralism” aimed at further accentuating the differences between the ethnic-religious minorities and the Syrian Sunni Arabs majority in order hinder Syrian independence championed by Sunni Arabs nationalists. Ethnic-religious policies of the governments during the period of independence were also based on cultural and structural “assimilation” in favor of the Sunni Arab majority. the kurds became subject to expulsion and extermination both physically and culturally. The “unequal pluralism” policy of the French guardian government and the “assimilation” policy of the independent era, despite their different goals, have moved in the same direction, and had the same results. The profound cultural and structural effects of these policies have created a continual sense of suspicion, distrust, and feeling of danger among ethnic-religious groups. This has led to the continuation and intensification of ethnic-religious disputes and conflicts in the country that ultimately brought about the current crisis and the ongoing full-scale war.
Abdolreza Alishahi; Younes Forouzan; Hossein Masoudnia
Abstract
Abstract
Having won the majority in the 2018 Iraqi parliamentary general elections, the Sauron coalition headed by Muqtada al-Sadr attempts to stabilize the country, maintain security and run economic development plans. This article aims to answer the following question: what are the most important ...
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Abstract
Having won the majority in the 2018 Iraqi parliamentary general elections, the Sauron coalition headed by Muqtada al-Sadr attempts to stabilize the country, maintain security and run economic development plans. This article aims to answer the following question: what are the most important features and indicators of the Sadr Pan-Shi'ite movement in the post-ISIS Iraq? Taking advantage of the theory of social gaps, the authors found out the Sadr's current three major political approaches: Sadr's personal authoritarianism, his pragmatic dialogue with the Sunnis and the Saudi Wahhabism, and his extreme nationalism. In addition to these three main causes, three other factors have been considered as facilitating factors: the lack of interference of Najaf's authority in political affairs, challenges with The Popular Mobilization Forces and the ambiguous stance towards the Islamic Republic of Iran and Syria. The research method of this paper is explanative and based on the written and virtual resources.
