Seyyed Mohsen Hosseini; Arash Reisinezhad; Mohsen Abbaszadeh Marzbali
Abstract
Today, liberal democracy has faced challenges including populism. As a populist person or party comes to power, a populist foreign policy with special characteristics in any country, including the United States, emerges. Within this context, Trump had deep impact on the country's foreign policy with ...
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Today, liberal democracy has faced challenges including populism. As a populist person or party comes to power, a populist foreign policy with special characteristics in any country, including the United States, emerges. Within this context, Trump had deep impact on the country's foreign policy with his populist slogan, like "America First", his nationalist populism approach, and a conflict between the structure and the agent arose. From this perspective, the main question of this research is how Trump made the American establishment as the Other for its populist foreign policy. The hypothesis of this research is that Trump made the establishment as a major Other to his populist foreign policy through the creation of a bipolar atmosphere and confrontation between the structure and the agent, and the unfavorable conditions of the structure and the existing status of the liberal international order. The paper explains how Trump made the establishment as a sublime Other of his foreign policy by using the paradigm of neoclassical realism, the process tracing method, and by referring to sources and written documents about populism and American foreign policy in the Trump era.
Amirroham Shojaie
Abstract
International relations theories can be divided into theories of foreign policy and international politics . Although there is a close relationship between the theories of foreign policy and international politics and these two are not separate, however, these two cannot be considered the same. Foreign ...
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International relations theories can be divided into theories of foreign policy and international politics . Although there is a close relationship between the theories of foreign policy and international politics and these two are not separate, however, these two cannot be considered the same. Foreign policy theories seek to analyze, explain and predict the foreign behavior of governments and various factors influencing it, while international politics theories seek to explain what, how and the effects of interactions between governments in an environment called the international system. One of the most recent realist theories of foreign policy is the theory of neoclassical realism. This theory uses a combination of structural realism's macro view and classical realism's micro view.This theory uses a combination of the macro view of structural realism and the micro view of classical realism and considers foreign policy as a product of the interaction of structural and domestic factors. Emphasis on systemic limitations along with non-systemic selectors; The explanatory power of this theory has increased. Some thinkers (known as the third generation of neoclassical realism) have sought to rewrite and advance this theory as a theory of international politics.The question of this article is: neoclassical realism from the beginning of its emergence and expression as a theory complementary to structural realism, until recent years when it has been restructured as a new theory of international politics; What changes and transformations, in what dimensions, has it gone through?The importance of this issue is especially due to the fact that this theory is less known in Iran, and it is known only as a foreign policy theory, while the scope of this theory is much wider. In this article, by describing the opinions of the main thinkers of neoclassical realism and with an explanatory-analytical method, this question will be answered: neoclassical realism from the beginning of its appearance as a complementary theory to structural realism, until recent years, when it has been restructured as a new theory of international politics; What changes and transformations has it gone through? The main hypothesis is that over time, neoclassical realism has moved towards eclectic, multi-level and interdisciplinary analysis and has moved away from the realist hard core. The research method is analytical-explanatory; with a theoretical approach.
Mehdi FAKHERI
Abstract
The US Marshal Plan to reconstruct the war affected Europe was introduced and implemented after WWII, presenting for the first time the concept of ¨Development Aid” in international relations. Designed to achieve reconstruction and stability creation in Europe, it could secure Soviet Union ...
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The US Marshal Plan to reconstruct the war affected Europe was introduced and implemented after WWII, presenting for the first time the concept of ¨Development Aid” in international relations. Designed to achieve reconstruction and stability creation in Europe, it could secure Soviet Union containment, one of the American strategic objectives. In other times and subject to circumstances, development assistance has been used to guarantee national interests US foreign policy has always pursued political, socio-economic and cultural changes in developing countries in accordance with its national interests. This research is meant to find out type of changes US has created in the Middle East, Africa, Latin America and South East Asia in the period of 2000-2020 through its development assistance scheme. Based on the school of thought dominating the US hegemonic position, structural or non-structural changes have been promoted in developing countries. Bush and Obama administrations have tried to make structural changes in developing countries and create socio- political order similar to American system, following Wilsonian tradition, while Trump Jacsonian- Jefersonian state has not had a priority to change situation in the developing world. Therefore, it could be concluded that the reception of US development assistance might end causing existential changes in the aid receiving country.
alireza samiee esfahani; Nafiseh Allahdadi
Abstract
way that fighting it for the current generation and the international system; It has become a "natural" thing that should always be dealt with at any level and direction, this thinking has of course been popularized by the intellectual and political circles of "America" and has been instilled as ...
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way that fighting it for the current generation and the international system; It has become a "natural" thing that should always be dealt with at any level and direction, this thinking has of course been popularized by the intellectual and political circles of "America" and has been instilled as an undeniable "truth" to everyone. U.S.A has taken advantage of all its theoretical and practical possibilities, including discoursive, conceptual, economic, media, military… mechanisms.to convince the world that it has the upper hand in the fight against terrorism and that it is even possible to fight the basic principles of international law in the fight against this phenomenon. Therefore, by resorting to the facilities available to him, he has been able to form domination and subjugation and, in Foucault's terms, a disciplinary society. The current research seeks to analyze this domination and control with regard to the historicity of the events with Foucault's genealogical method. According to the stages of Foucault's genealogy, the present article comes to the conclusion that the "fight against terrorism" as claimed by the United States, was not so benevolent and did not aim at peace, but it is still possible to trace the interests of the United States and its hegemony in this policy. Found. Discontinuities and analysis of the origin and strength of the American foreign policy in the study of the fight against terrorism show that the United States has created the terrorist as "otherness" to build its new nature.
mohamadreza faraji
Abstract
One of the strategies of actors, especially small actors in the hierarchy of power in the turbulent situation of the international system, is their behavioral and systemic adaptation to their environment. In other words since in the anarchic environment of the international system, there is a lot of ...
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One of the strategies of actors, especially small actors in the hierarchy of power in the turbulent situation of the international system, is their behavioral and systemic adaptation to their environment. In other words since in the anarchic environment of the international system, there is a lot of competition for obtain limited resources between the actors of the system, and this competition ultimately leads to conflict and situations in the system in which the weak actor unable to change environmental , or the actor's limitations more than its capabilities, and in this situation, the actor tends to adapt his behavioral patterns to the existing conditions in order to avoid wasting his power in the hierarchy of power. Therefore, the research, by focusing on the adaptation mechanism in foreign policy and using a descriptive-analytical method, tries to explain the foreign policy strategies of the actors of the Persian Gulf region. The result of the present study indicates that environmental constraints lead actors to adaptive strategies and actors in the Persian Gulf region in the face of environmental constraints according to their capabilities and ideals, adopted three types of creative (Pragmatic middle actors), active (Poles of power) and passive (Weak actors) adaptation.
ali nikokar; mahnaz goodarzi
Abstract
Justice and Development Party's Given the geopolitical situation, Territorial geography Connecting to Europe and proximity to Russia and the Middle East On the one hand, and exploiting ideological issues, And historical and cultural commonalities on the other, Foreign policy development is pursued aimed ...
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Justice and Development Party's Given the geopolitical situation, Territorial geography Connecting to Europe and proximity to Russia and the Middle East On the one hand, and exploiting ideological issues, And historical and cultural commonalities on the other, Foreign policy development is pursued aimed at achieving regional hegemony, Access to energy resources and takeover of Middle Eastern markets, Which challenged both the existing order in the region and relations with Iran, So this article is trying to investigate AKP policies and their effects on Islamic Republic of Iran's foreign policy in the Middle East? This article has covered with a descriptive-analytical approach and using library and documentary information to investigate AKP foreign policy in the region. Research data show That the AKP is trying to do Emphasizing on ideological issues and taking advantage of the role of religion in expanding its influence in the peripheral areas, And on the other hand, it seeks to increase its relative power and increase its acting power in the Middle East Emphasizing structural and geopolitical features, That creates a kind of competition and conflict while working with the Islamic Republic of Iran And direct and indirect effects Both structurally and identically It has influence on Iran and its spheres of influence in the region.
Hadith Asemani
Abstract
China, as an economic power, pursues major strategic plans such as diversification of exports, the high-tech manufacturing, and developing trade routes around the world. Also, China recently has heavily invested in security and military strength to deal with terrorism, separatist movements, territorial ...
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China, as an economic power, pursues major strategic plans such as diversification of exports, the high-tech manufacturing, and developing trade routes around the world. Also, China recently has heavily invested in security and military strength to deal with terrorism, separatist movements, territorial disputes with East Asian neighbors, as well as securing trade routes and international corridors, especially those identified in the massive One Belt-One Road initiative. However, China seeks different kinds of international cooperation through milirary diplomacy to avoid a possible security dilemma. This research investigates the impact of China's military diplomacy on its foreign policy? This article seeks to examine China's military diplomacy and its role in the country's foreign policy. Findings show that military diplomacy will increase the country's ability to pursue national interest, develop its security environment, create a positive image, and expand operational geography.
fariborz arghavani pirsalami; hossein alipour
Abstract
China’s economic diplomacy has significantly contributed to its recent economic growth. The country manages the opportunieis and challenges made by Nationalism and Globalization by economic diplomacy. China considerably works on regional cooperation in Central Asia. Taking a descriptive-analytical ...
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China’s economic diplomacy has significantly contributed to its recent economic growth. The country manages the opportunieis and challenges made by Nationalism and Globalization by economic diplomacy. China considerably works on regional cooperation in Central Asia. Taking a descriptive-analytical method and based on economic data, the current research investigates opportunities and challenges that China's economic diplomacy must deal with in Central Asia. The findings show that China's economic diplomacy in Central Asia enjoys economic opportunities such as regional energy capacities, consumer markets, foreign demand for Chinese investment. In addition, China plays a key role in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. On the other hand, the country encounters political challenges such as the presence of rival powers in Central Asia, chinophobia in the region and the fragile governments in its neighborhood.
hossein asghari sani; Masoud Mousavi Shafaee; maryam borazjani
Abstract
Xinjiang Autonomous Region has been a complex puzzle for Chinese rulers throughout history and its people have been diverse in cultural, religious, and ethnic areas. In addition, geographical features and the existence of a border region challenge China's control on this area. Since 1949, the Uyghur ...
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Xinjiang Autonomous Region has been a complex puzzle for Chinese rulers throughout history and its people have been diverse in cultural, religious, and ethnic areas. In addition, geographical features and the existence of a border region challenge China's control on this area. Since 1949, the Uyghur separatists and the independence of East Turkestan as an internal problem. Since early 1990s, China has recognized the international aspects of this dilemma and has been forced to confront its consequences. The new policy affected China's relations with Turkey, which in addition to its historical, linguistic, religious and cultural ties with the Muslim Uighurs, was ideologically inspired by Uighur nationalism as well as a suitable place for Uyghur refugees.So the authors intend to investigate how the Xinjiang situation has affected China-Turkey relations. It seems that the quality and quantity of China-Turkey relations before the 1990s have been affected by the Xinjiang developments, and have been undermined, and the Xinjiang developments after the 1990s have been managed at the expense of the Uighurs by the economic, military and political relations between the two countries.
Hossein Fattahi Ardakani
Abstract
Changes in the post-ISIS Middle East and the emergence of new security threats have given Turkey a new understanding of its role in the regional and international environment, the focal point of which is strengthening through activation in the region and dynamics. New is international. Based on this ...
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Changes in the post-ISIS Middle East and the emergence of new security threats have given Turkey a new understanding of its role in the regional and international environment, the focal point of which is strengthening through activation in the region and dynamics. New is international. Based on this new strategy, Turkey seeks to balance its foreign policy in the Middle East and the international environment. For this reason, it pursues the strategy of "both the West and the East" in its short and medium term in its foreign policy in order to become its main goal in the long run, which is to become an independent world power with Turkish-Islamic values. Using neo-realist theory and descriptive-analytical method, this study seeks to answer the question of what is Turkey's foreign policy strategy in the post-conflict Middle East? The research findings show that the components of Turkey's foreign policy strategy in the political field are reviewing in relation to ISIL, regionalism with a touch of internationalism, re-establishing relations with Syria, maintaining the balance of power with Iran and looking at Russia is seeking to regain its regional role in the Middle East. In the economic field, the policy is the stabilization of energy resources and the development of regional and international economic cooperation. In the cultural field, it seeks to strengthen soft power and expand its influence in the Middle East.
Amir Hossein Vazirian; shahrooz shariati
Abstract
Iran's military presence in Oman and Syria over the past half-century has been seen as a sign of growing regional power and influence in Iran's foreign policy. This article seeks to answer the question of why Iran was involved in the crises of the two Arab countries of Oman and Syria during the last ...
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Iran's military presence in Oman and Syria over the past half-century has been seen as a sign of growing regional power and influence in Iran's foreign policy. This article seeks to answer the question of why Iran was involved in the crises of the two Arab countries of Oman and Syria during the last half century, and what has this military presence achieved for Iran's national interests? To find this answer, documentary data, reliable sources and documentary methods, post-event analysis and comparative methods have been used. Findings show that despite the essential differences between the international system and the ruling political regime in Iran in the last half century, Iran's military presence in the territory of the Kingdom of Oman and the Syrian Arab Republic was to free Iran from geopolitical siege. Using the teachings of the theory of realism and the concept of offensive defense, the article shows that the achievement of Iran's overseas presence in the Oman crisis was to prevent endangering energy security and the threat of the spread of communism in the Persian Gulf region. Iran's military presence in the Syrian crisis also significantly neutralized the geopolitical threat of Salafi radicalism in the West Asian region, in addition to preserving Iran's territorial integrity.
hossein Asghari Sani; mohsen khalili; mohsen eslami; Masoud Mousavi Shafaee
Abstract
The promotion of peace as a national identity is the most prominent feature of Norway's post-Cold War foreign policy. The reputation of the Norwegian peace model in the international system, despite its geopolitical constraints, is the topic of this paper. The authors use the nation-building theoretical ...
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The promotion of peace as a national identity is the most prominent feature of Norway's post-Cold War foreign policy. The reputation of the Norwegian peace model in the international system, despite its geopolitical constraints, is the topic of this paper. The authors use the nation-building theoretical framework to show how peace diplomacy has become the branding of Norwegian foreign policy despite significant and influential actors. Qualitative data analysis was based on historical and causal explanations. The text suggests that the Norwegian global branding results from focusing resources on the cultural-historical benefits of peacebuilding/ Peacekeeping.
Hossein Pourahmadi; Mohammad Soltanpour
Abstract
The psychological study of political leaders is popular with foreign policy analysts. This study studies Carter’s psychology to explain his foreign policy decisions before and after the Iranian Islamic Revolution. The theoretical framework used in the article is emotional, rational behavioral therapy ...
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The psychological study of political leaders is popular with foreign policy analysts. This study studies Carter’s psychology to explain his foreign policy decisions before and after the Iranian Islamic Revolution. The theoretical framework used in the article is emotional, rational behavioral therapy developed by the American psychologist Albert Ellis. This article analyses Carter's personality by examining the influential events of Carter's life and how he interprets them. This method has a historical approach for analyzing one's life that means a cycle of external events transforms into results with continuous interpretations. Continuously based on this model, Carter's five prominent personality traits have been extracted.The research results show that Carter’s dealing with the Iran revolution and the Iran hostage crisis was based on his psychological characteristics such as perfectionism and
Cyrus Faizee; hadi aalami fariman
Abstract
The current study examines the Obama administration’s foreign policy in Latin America. The research investigates the factors, components, and criteria of the Obama administration's foreign policy in the region. The study hypothesizes that the Obama administration’s Latin America foreign policy ...
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The current study examines the Obama administration’s foreign policy in Latin America. The research investigates the factors, components, and criteria of the Obama administration's foreign policy in the region. The study hypothesizes that the Obama administration’s Latin America foreign policy falls within the liberal internationalist ideology. Obama’s engagement diplomacy had a profound and different impact on the region's political and economic structures. For example, a strategic shift in relations with Cuba after 70 years of conflict made the US a positive image. In the next step, the Obama administration accepted immigrants from Latin America based on selecting candidates and elites, mainly from the students. The decision-making process in the Obama administration comes first to his former theoretical attitudes and then back to the views of Democratic
Mohammad Mohammadian
Abstract
The myth of internal/ external distinction in foreign policy analysis has been questioned for a long time. Despite that, Iran's foreign policy in the second Pahlavi is mostly analyzing according to structural theories. This paper considers most of the Iranian foreign policy determinants in the second ...
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The myth of internal/ external distinction in foreign policy analysis has been questioned for a long time. Despite that, Iran's foreign policy in the second Pahlavi is mostly analyzing according to structural theories. This paper considers most of the Iranian foreign policy determinants in the second Pahlavi era. The current research investigates the foreign relations patterns in the second Pahlavi era. According to documents and the history of foreign relations, three patterns are distinguished. Disperse order, in which high social participation and weak state structure are its characteristics, appears in confronting different orientations, indecisiveness, stalemate, and crisis in foreign relations. Centralized order emerges when social forces are marginalized or removed. Arbitrary decision making, regional intervention, external lavishing, questioning great powers are outcomes of this order in foreign policy. In the middle, keep a balance between social participation and state capacity bring about peaceful and cooperative behaviors in foreign relations such as finding foreign political and financial support, unity with tremendous and regional powers, and win the international institutions' support. As a result, balance order, as productive and low-cost,
Alireza Khodagholipour; Farideh Mohammad Alipour; Mohammad Vali Modarres
Abstract
Afghanistan is one of the important cornerstones of the international great game among important regional and international powers. There are tense debates on the causes of instability and crisis in Afghanistan. What is common in all these ideas and factors, is Pakistan's role as a neighboring country ...
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Afghanistan is one of the important cornerstones of the international great game among important regional and international powers. There are tense debates on the causes of instability and crisis in Afghanistan. What is common in all these ideas and factors, is Pakistan's role as a neighboring country with numerous ethnic, cultural and religious commonalities of which the Army has played a very prominent role in different political and social spheres of Afghanistan during last four decades. While inspecting differnet elements of Pakistan’s Strategic Culture. This article tries to answer the question of what/ how has Pakistan's strategic culture been guiding its foreign policy toward Afghanistan? The hypothesis of the article is that the Pakistani military has institutionalized its strategic culture in this country’s foreign policy in such a way that it sees its national security and survival in controlling and influencing Afghanistan. The findings of the paper suggest that Afghanistan and India are two key elements in Pakistan's strategic culture that Pakistan needs to manage due to its characteristics and shortcomings since its inception. This article is explanatory and the required data is collected by library method. The theoretical framework of the article is based on the concept of strategic culture.
alireza sahraee; mohsen khalili; Mortaza Menshadi; Rohollah Islami
Abstract
Abstract
This paper studies the writings of Mohammad Ali Foroughi, an influential Pahlavi era politician to construct a continuum of power according to the analytical model of Christopher Hill. This research aims to find out what aspects of the contimuim of power Foroughi was more interested in. We ...
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Abstract
This paper studies the writings of Mohammad Ali Foroughi, an influential Pahlavi era politician to construct a continuum of power according to the analytical model of Christopher Hill. This research aims to find out what aspects of the contimuim of power Foroughi was more interested in. We hypothesize that he preferred soft power over hard power because he knew Iran did not possess the essentials of hard power. This research follows the descriptive-analytical methodology to analyze relevant written sources.
niakooee niakooee; Saeed Pirmohammadi
Abstract
Abstract
The Middle East region has experienced various patterns and processes of statehood since the formation of national units. The Arab awakening which encompassed the huge part of the Middle East and North Africa since 2011 was promising a fundamental transformation in the statehood patterns following ...
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Abstract
The Middle East region has experienced various patterns and processes of statehood since the formation of national units. The Arab awakening which encompassed the huge part of the Middle East and North Africa since 2011 was promising a fundamental transformation in the statehood patterns following an intermittent period of decline and weakness. However, the mentioned developments have been coupled with political chaos, security crisis and even civil war. Countries such as Iraq, Libya, Syria, and Yemen in which the concepts of state and nation had not been realized and authoritarian regimes had been the main factor of the connection of the state's parts, have experienced a complicated situation regarding the indexes of fragility and vulnerability. This situation in Iraq goes back to the United States invasion of Iraq in 2003 and the fall of Saddam Hossein. However, the Arab spring and the erosion of state in the region have exacerbated the vulnerability and fragility of Iraq in an unprecedented way.
rohollah eslami shabjare; mohammad sahraee
Abstract
Foreign policy refers to adopting a thought-out procedure in relation to other international actors. Only powerful countries conduct foreign policy. The powerful Sassanid Empire had a style of thought and action in foreign relations during the ancient period. This thesis aims to study Iranian foreign ...
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Foreign policy refers to adopting a thought-out procedure in relation to other international actors. Only powerful countries conduct foreign policy. The powerful Sassanid Empire had a style of thought and action in foreign relations during the ancient period. This thesis aims to study Iranian foreign policy using Holsti’s theoretical framework. This research attempts to study some of the most important issues in the Sassanid foreign policy, including competition with the Roman Empire and China, relations with the Armenians, recognition of the Christianity religion in Rome, and the expansion of the Roman Empire in the Mesopotamia and the Arabian Peninsula. In this research, approaches, tools, actions, and techniques of Sassanid’s foreign policy are analyzed. This research argues that the foreign policy pattern of Sassanid dynasty was based on Iranshahr pattern. Sassanid’s foreign policy history in relation to Arabs, Turks, Chinese, and Romans has been analyzed to support this argument. Iranshahr pattern of Sassanid dynasty was based on maintaining Zoroastrianism and the national identity of Iranshahr. Iranshahr also emerged after the rise of Islam in the Safavid and Islamic revolution.
enayat allah yazdani; seyed saied hassanzadeh; mahnaz goodarzi
Abstract
Since the beginning of the Syrian crisis, the great powers have tried to play a role in it. Since the beginning of the Islamic Revolution, Iran has been a strategic ally of Syria. Iran has openly supported Bashar al-Assad government through financial and military aid. By the way, the political developments ...
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Since the beginning of the Syrian crisis, the great powers have tried to play a role in it. Since the beginning of the Islamic Revolution, Iran has been a strategic ally of Syria. Iran has openly supported Bashar al-Assad government through financial and military aid. By the way, the political developments in Syria and its country matters to the French government. France was the first country to recognize the coalition of Syrian opposition forces as the sole legitimate representative of the Syrian people. However, the 2015 Paris terrorist attack by ISIS convinced the French to alter their policy. Accordingly, France foreign policy towards Syria changed. This paper aims to study the foreign policy of Iran and France towards the Syrian crisis. The paper argues that Iranian foreign policy towards Syria is based on maintaining the status quo (the survival of Bashar al-Assad). Yet, France foreign policy towards these developments is a conservative offensive one in the form of convergence with the US.
seyed mostafa hashemi; Abdoreza Faraji rad; Rahim Sarvar
Abstract
Abstract
Geopolitical codes are the map of stable and variable geographical factors that arise from the geography of a given country and influence its foreign policy. Identification of the geopolitical viewpoints via decoding the geopolitical codes of neighboring countries as well as distinguishing ...
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Abstract
Geopolitical codes are the map of stable and variable geographical factors that arise from the geography of a given country and influence its foreign policy. Identification of the geopolitical viewpoints via decoding the geopolitical codes of neighboring countries as well as distinguishing the geopolitical codes of the target countries could play an effective role in the approach of a country to the issue of foreign policy in line with its geopolitical weight. Considering the extensive civilization, historical, cultural and ethnic commonalities of Iran and Iraq combined with influence of regional and trans-regional powers in Iraq, identification and studying of Iraq’s geopolitical codes is essential to the orientation of Iran’s foreign policy. For this, the authors have attempted to study and analyze the geopolitical factors influencing Iran-Iraq relations via employing a descriptive-analytical methodology while emphasizing the analysis of available geopolitical codes of Iran-Iraq political geography.
Mohammad yousefi jouybari; Nasser Khorshidi
Abstract
Abstract
Under President Ahmadinejad (2005-2013) and the dominance of following the revisionism and justice-seeking discourses in his foreign policy, Iran tended to unify and coalesce with ultra-leftist Latin American leaders with whom the sitting President shared discursive principles However, as Hassan ...
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Abstract
Under President Ahmadinejad (2005-2013) and the dominance of following the revisionism and justice-seeking discourses in his foreign policy, Iran tended to unify and coalesce with ultra-leftist Latin American leaders with whom the sitting President shared discursive principles However, as Hassan Rouhani took office in 2013, Iran decreased interest in coalition with Latin American countries. The reason why during President Hassan Rouhani’s terms the Islamic Republic of Iran turned away from Ahmadinejad’s approach regarding Latin American countries in favor of digression and lack of relationship is a question that the present paper seek to answer through an explanatory method. Therefore, it is hypothesized that transformation at the level of policymaking resulted in the reduction of Islamic Republic of Iran's relations with countries of this region which in turn has changed and transformed the available sub-discourses in the arena of foreign policy.
Sajad Bahrami Moghadam; Ali Asghar Sotoudeh
Abstract
Russia is concerned with the old question of ‘what is Russia?’ Russians’ answers to this question have influenced the country’s foreign policy directions. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the debate over Russia’s identity and its foreign policy goals has escalated .In 1992, the political ...
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Russia is concerned with the old question of ‘what is Russia?’ Russians’ answers to this question have influenced the country’s foreign policy directions. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the debate over Russia’s identity and its foreign policy goals has escalated .In 1992, the political elite that identified itself with liberalism, accompanying Kozyrev, joined Yeltsin in itself efforts to make Russia into a liberal democratic market economy and a willing ally of Western hegemony in the world. The liberals were, however, challenged by Slavists and Eurasianists, and finally fell from power. With the rise of Eurasianists, Russia's foreign policy has been changed. By the end of the 1990s and the beginning of the new millennium, a new Russia was emerged that no longer defined itself in Western or Eurasian terms, but instead sees itself as restoring Russia’s “natural” identity. Accordingly, the direction of Russian foreign policy has changed once again. In this article, internal debates over Russia’s national identity and its impact on the country’s foreign policy has been discussed. The question is what the impacts of Russia’s identity layers on its foreign policy are. The hypothesis is that different layers of Russia’s identity, that is, Slavism, Eurasianism, Atlantism as well as the so-called authentic Russian identity, have given rise to different “ought”s in its foreign policy.
