Ziaodin Osmani; niakoee niakoee; reza simbar
Abstract
The security crisis in Afghanistan decreased between 2001-2008 due to the fall of the Taliban regime and the role of the United States and NATO in that country. However, violence, casualties, terrorist attacks, the activities of terrorist groups and warlords, feelings of insecurity among ordinary citizens ...
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The security crisis in Afghanistan decreased between 2001-2008 due to the fall of the Taliban regime and the role of the United States and NATO in that country. However, violence, casualties, terrorist attacks, the activities of terrorist groups and warlords, feelings of insecurity among ordinary citizens and political elites, as well as the instability of Afghanistan's institutions and political system, have increased since 2008. Simultaneously, the role of regional actors in supporting non-governmental and local groups have expanded over time. This article seeks to answer the question of what factors contributed to the spread of insecurity and security crises in Afghanistan from since 2008? To answer this question, security theories and in particular the approaches of Barry Buzan, Mohammad Ayoob, and Richard Little have been used. The findings illustrate that differences in the idea of government influenced by ethnicity and religion, fragmented society, declining government legitimacy, terrorist groups and warlords and the relationship of these factors with the security environment in which more powerful states such as Pakistan are playing have expanded Afghanistan's security challenges since 2008.
Alireza Khodagholipour; Farideh Mohammad Alipour; Mohammad Vali Modarres
Abstract
Afghanistan is one of the important cornerstones of the international great game among important regional and international powers. There are tense debates on the causes of instability and crisis in Afghanistan. What is common in all these ideas and factors, is Pakistan's role as a neighboring country ...
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Afghanistan is one of the important cornerstones of the international great game among important regional and international powers. There are tense debates on the causes of instability and crisis in Afghanistan. What is common in all these ideas and factors, is Pakistan's role as a neighboring country with numerous ethnic, cultural and religious commonalities of which the Army has played a very prominent role in different political and social spheres of Afghanistan during last four decades. While inspecting differnet elements of Pakistan’s Strategic Culture. This article tries to answer the question of what/ how has Pakistan's strategic culture been guiding its foreign policy toward Afghanistan? The hypothesis of the article is that the Pakistani military has institutionalized its strategic culture in this country’s foreign policy in such a way that it sees its national security and survival in controlling and influencing Afghanistan. The findings of the paper suggest that Afghanistan and India are two key elements in Pakistan's strategic culture that Pakistan needs to manage due to its characteristics and shortcomings since its inception. This article is explanatory and the required data is collected by library method. The theoretical framework of the article is based on the concept of strategic culture.
AbdolReza Faraji Raad; Maryam Baee Lashaki; Mohammad Taghi Jahanbakhsh
Abstract
The South Asia, particularly, India and Pakistan are large applicants of Iran and Turkmenistan which are the major holders of Natural Gas resources in the region and the world. Accordingly, recent years two pipelines have been proposed to supply natural gas to India and Pakistan: IPI (Peace) pipeline ...
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The South Asia, particularly, India and Pakistan are large applicants of Iran and Turkmenistan which are the major holders of Natural Gas resources in the region and the world. Accordingly, recent years two pipelines have been proposed to supply natural gas to India and Pakistan: IPI (Peace) pipeline which is the first path, began from the South West of Iran-Assaluye- and by crossing over the Eastern border gets to Pakistan, and then India. The second pipeline is TAPI (Trans-Afghan) which started from the gas fields of Turkmenistan and is terminated to India through Afghanistan and Pakistan Territory.This study wants to answer what will TAPI pipeline can effects on the national interests of Islamic Republic of Iran? The article's hypothesis is the TAPI pipeline providing the Natural gas of the Countries who want it and are on its path from another country's reserves has the negative effects on Islamic Republic of Iran's national interests.
The required data collected by documentary method. In the terms of the nature, it is an applicable research and a descriptive-analytic method and also comparative studies has been used to analyze the existing data.
Seyyed Ahmad Fatemi Nejad
Abstract
The link between international conflict and economy linkage is one of the focal subjects in international political economy (IPE). The aim of this article is to scrutinise the impact of the economic factor on managing Indo-Pakistan conflict based on IPE approaches. So, the article organizes as follows: ...
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The link between international conflict and economy linkage is one of the focal subjects in international political economy (IPE). The aim of this article is to scrutinise the impact of the economic factor on managing Indo-Pakistan conflict based on IPE approaches. So, the article organizes as follows: first, it is tried to provide a brief coherent theoretical framework concentrated on conflict-economy linkage; this contributes to idenifying two macro variables: bilateral cooperation and economy-oriented policy. Second, Indo-Pakistan cooperation is studied through two indices of bilateral trade and investment. Third, using available data, it is demonstrated that economy-oriented policy by the countries has deterred them from reciprocal hostile actions and led them to prudent conducts. The paper will be ended with a conclusion.
