Alireza Khodagholipour; Farideh Mohammad Alipour; Mohammad Vali Modarres
Abstract
Afghanistan is one of the important cornerstones of the international great game among important regional and international powers. There are tense debates on the causes of instability and crisis in Afghanistan. What is common in all these ideas and factors, is Pakistan's role as a neighboring country ...
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Afghanistan is one of the important cornerstones of the international great game among important regional and international powers. There are tense debates on the causes of instability and crisis in Afghanistan. What is common in all these ideas and factors, is Pakistan's role as a neighboring country with numerous ethnic, cultural and religious commonalities of which the Army has played a very prominent role in different political and social spheres of Afghanistan during last four decades. While inspecting differnet elements of Pakistan’s Strategic Culture. This article tries to answer the question of what/ how has Pakistan's strategic culture been guiding its foreign policy toward Afghanistan? The hypothesis of the article is that the Pakistani military has institutionalized its strategic culture in this country’s foreign policy in such a way that it sees its national security and survival in controlling and influencing Afghanistan. The findings of the paper suggest that Afghanistan and India are two key elements in Pakistan's strategic culture that Pakistan needs to manage due to its characteristics and shortcomings since its inception. This article is explanatory and the required data is collected by library method. The theoretical framework of the article is based on the concept of strategic culture.
Seyyed Saeed mirtorabi Hosseini; Sayyd Mohammad Hadi mosavi
Abstract
Abstract
United State emerged as a major economic and financial power after World War II and shaped a new order for institutionalization of world trade and financial exchanges which called Bretton Woods. During past decades, many changes have occurred in economic and trade structures of the world which ...
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Abstract
United State emerged as a major economic and financial power after World War II and shaped a new order for institutionalization of world trade and financial exchanges which called Bretton Woods. During past decades, many changes have occurred in economic and trade structures of the world which has been accelerated after financial and economic crisis in 2008, but it seems that these changes have not translated in current global financial structure completely. BRICS as an emerging economic and financial block has challenged Bretton Woods institutions and strengthened the possibility of shaping new order in global finance. This article, studies how BRICKS has challenged current western based world financial structure. The article shows that BRICS group as China based club, by making new multilateral institutions and procedures and struggle for reinforcing its presence in Bretton Woods institutions not only has weakened US structural power in global finance, but has strengthened its position in this era.
