Reza Rahmati
Abstract
European Integration Process have always been suspected in various countries of the Green Continent. Although Euroscepticism, which dates back to a period of suspicion, reluctance, and skepticism about these Processes, peaked and emerged with the election, the process of negative convergence with the ...
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European Integration Process have always been suspected in various countries of the Green Continent. Although Euroscepticism, which dates back to a period of suspicion, reluctance, and skepticism about these Processes, peaked and emerged with the election, the process of negative convergence with the EU and other arrangements in other societies and states also existed. Perhaps the most striking of these centrifugal tendencies can be traced to northern Europe and the Nordic region. The question that arises here is how the Eurosceptic flow in the Nordic basin is formulated. In response to the existence of Eurosceptic tendencies at the three levels of social system, political system and party system, in the Nordics in general and in Norway, Iceland, Sweden, Denmark and Finland, the formation of opposing currents towards the convergence process. Europe is being considered. The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method and library type in terms of data collection.
Mahdi Baghimojarad; Saeed Vosoughi; Shahrouz Ebrahimi
Abstract
AbstractThe United States has played a complex and ambiguous role in European Union -Russia security relations since the end of the Cold War, especially under Obama and Trump. The United States is implicitly interfering in European Union -Russia security relations. Tensions and cooperation between ...
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AbstractThe United States has played a complex and ambiguous role in European Union -Russia security relations since the end of the Cold War, especially under Obama and Trump. The United States is implicitly interfering in European Union -Russia security relations. Tensions and cooperation between the United States and Russia have had a significant impact on the European Union -Russia Security Challenges. The main question of the forthcoming research is how and by what mechanism has the United States influenced the European Union -Russia Security Challenges in the last two decades? The answer is that the United States is engaged in a Hybrid wafare with Russia, and has used the tools of Hybrid wafarefare to perpetuate and deepen the European Union -Russia Security Challenges (Ukraine crisis, EU enlargement and NATO enlargement). The method of the present study is documentary and data has been collected from related articles and books and has examined and analyzed the role of the United States in the European Union -Russia Security Challenges using the Theoretical framework of hybrid warfare Cullen & Kjennerud. The findings of the study suggest that the United States is continuing to contain Russia, using the tools of Hybrid wafarefare (intelligence, economic, political, military, and civilian) in the European Union -Russia Security Challenges (Ukraine crisis, EU enlargement, and NATO expansion) and the deepening of these challenges has had an impact. The most important US tools in the Hybrid wafare with Russia are intelligence, political and economic tools.
yaser ziaee; Mohsen Ghadir; mostafa abadikhah
Abstract
According to the terms of the investment treaties, one of the conditions for sea economic activities is the link between such activities and the host state's maritime zones. Therefore, every move has the protection of treaties when they are within the national jurisdiction of the parties to the treaty. ...
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According to the terms of the investment treaties, one of the conditions for sea economic activities is the link between such activities and the host state's maritime zones. Therefore, every move has the protection of treaties when they are within the national jurisdiction of the parties to the treaty. Hence, it is difficult to expand the protection of treaties for investment beyond national jurisdiction. Besides, the lack of clear regulations in this field challenges future investments. The fundamental question is how to gain protection under investment agreements beyond the maritime areas of states? The present paper aims to resolve the existing challenge using quantitative and qualitative methods and achieved results. First, in the analysis of investment agreements, Iran and the European Union have used three explicit, implicit, and silence approaches in defining the scope of their territory, and in this regard, in the "Energy Charter Treaty (1994)" and the "EU and Canada treaty (2016), which have taken an explicit approach on territory, have referred to the "nature of economic activity and investment" in response to the challenge, which is the solution to this challenge. Second, it does not encompass any kind of nature, but only implies the "nature of the economic activity and investment with a global approach" that can be applied more precisely to "investment or economic activity in cables and pipelines" because they have a global nature and are currently the only example of economic activity that steps into the high sea and to effective, the protection has to accompany with the economic activity. Therefore, by inferring from the case of "Deutsche Bank v. Sri Lanka" and the application of arguments on economic activity and investment in cables and pipelines with a global nature, the
alireza Samiee Esfahani; Sara Farahmand
Abstract
Abstract Over the past decade, the European Union has faced unprecedented challenges on various fronts, such as the financial crisis, the migration crisis, the foreign policy crisis (Crimea), the disintegration, and the populism crisis. Meanwhile, the Corona Pandemic Crisis, although seemingly a health ...
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Abstract Over the past decade, the European Union has faced unprecedented challenges on various fronts, such as the financial crisis, the migration crisis, the foreign policy crisis (Crimea), the disintegration, and the populism crisis. Meanwhile, the Corona Pandemic Crisis, although seemingly a health crisis at first glance, cannot be ignored for its geopolitical effects. The present study seeks to answer the main question based on the Neo-Neo debate and the future research method (scenario-making technique), what scenarios are ahead of the European Union in the face of the problems posed by the Corona crisis worldwide? Will this crisis lead to more or less European integration or will it lead in a different direction? In answer to this question, based on the course of events, the goals of the actors and the use of the technique of "Brainstorming", five scenarios can be proposed in the form of three categories: a) the Preferable scenario or the best; Continuing the EU's convergence and maintaining the power of acting at the level of international relations or the EU's continued convergence with the German leadership; B) Probable scenario; Transformation of the European Union into a regional confederation or the withdrawal of Italy from the European Union; C) Possible scenario; The divergence and collapse of the European Union. The findings show that the aftermath of the Quaid 19 crisis has left the EU with countless problems, with the EU failing to manage the crisis, thus undermining the EU's acting power. Internal and international levels are strongly affected.
Mokhtar Salehi; Arash Ghodratifar
Abstract
Abstract
The European Union has faced with many challenges and difficulties to become an efficient Union. Berxit is one of an important issue that has created a major obstacle on evolution of the European Union. However, EU efforts to manage consequences of that. Questionably, how does the Berxit can ...
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Abstract
The European Union has faced with many challenges and difficulties to become an efficient Union. Berxit is one of an important issue that has created a major obstacle on evolution of the European Union. However, EU efforts to manage consequences of that. Questionably, how does the Berxit can impact on EU’s Foreign Policy towards Iran? Hypothetically, the countries which are member of EU, have tried to manage the Berxit Consequences, so they are going to preserve and increase their power as an international agent Because EU countries are concerns about the consequences of Berxit that will impact on the process of EU’s Integration and uncertainty which are created in EU. This Research shows that exist of Britain from the European Union will have Political and Economic impacts on EU Foreign Policy towards other countries such as Iran. Theoretically, this Essay is based on the Integration Theory. An explanatory method is used to explain that.
