Mohammad Ebrahim Forouzesh; a najafzadeh; Vahid Vahid Sinaei; Morteza Manshadi,
Abstract
Afghanistan is a country with diverse ethnic minorities that have been in conflict with each other, without much emphasis on nationalism. Lack of social cohesion has led to the dominance of tribal leaders in the country. On the other hand, modern nation-state building has been introduced through the ...
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Afghanistan is a country with diverse ethnic minorities that have been in conflict with each other, without much emphasis on nationalism. Lack of social cohesion has led to the dominance of tribal leaders in the country. On the other hand, modern nation-state building has been introduced through the French Revolution and colonization in India. These two ideologies have resulted in a cultural shock, tug of war between tradition and modernity, and violence in Afghanistan. Nationalism, which introduces traditional values into modern clothing, is in conflict with liberalism, which emphasizes post-enlightenment ideology and development in Europe, but has not been able to bring development to Afghanistan. Nationalism has led to division and animosity between the various cultures and ethnic groups in Afghanistan, resulting in social conflicts, weak nationalism, and underdevelopment. Armed uprisings, the emergence of terrorist groups, foreign intervention, the destruction of infrastructure, and the collapse of the developmental mindset are some of the consequences of this underdevelopment. This sociological-historical research aims to answer the question of how the delay in the formation of nationalism affected the development and led to the collapse of the developmental mindset in Afghanistan. The hypothesis is that the delay in the formation of civic nationalism, weak separation of private and public spheres in the eighth constitutional law, lack of historical background to liberal teachings, the non-sociological function of global society, and continuous ethnic nationalism without regard to the past have contributed to this collapse.
Faez Dinparast; Hashem Qaderi; mohammad Ali amoo zeinoddin Mousavi
Abstract
The longing for development in Turkey has started since the formation of the Republic and today this process is on the agenda of the government. But the dynamics of development in Turkey only had a successful trend from 2015 until 2015. This article is written to show how the process and the path of ...
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The longing for development in Turkey has started since the formation of the Republic and today this process is on the agenda of the government. But the dynamics of development in Turkey only had a successful trend from 2015 until 2015. This article is written to show how the process and the path of economic and political development in Turkey. The present study, by adopting the theoretical framework of Ajmaoglu-Robinson institutionalist political economy, pursues the question of how Turkish political and economic institutions have influenced the development process of this country? The data required for this article are collected by documentary method and the article analysis method is process tracking. The research findings indicate that the movement of Turkish political-economic institutions towards more inclusiveness has strengthened the development process in Turkey; With the establishment of ownership, increasing the role of the private sector, independence of the judiciary, reducing military power, greater political openness and the expansion of civil society, Turkey has moved towards institutional inclusion, which results in expanding the incentives for economic activity and participation of citizens and economic prosperity. Is more
mojgan ghorbani
Abstract
After the Cold War, One of the most important developments in China's foreign policy was Beijing's understanding to maintain friendly relations with neighboring countries. Good relations with neighbors have been established in order to provide a more favorable environment for domestic economic development ...
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After the Cold War, One of the most important developments in China's foreign policy was Beijing's understanding to maintain friendly relations with neighboring countries. Good relations with neighbors have been established in order to provide a more favorable environment for domestic economic development and then increase the country's wealth and power in world affairs. so China has developed an integrated regional policy called peripheral policy or neighborhood policy. The question is, what strategies has China adopted in its neighborhood policy, and what challenges does it face? it should be said that China's Neighborhood politics include good neighborly policy during the Deng Xiaoping era, neighbor policy as a partner during the Jiang Zemin era, good, secure and prosperous neighborhood policy during the Hu Jintao era and common society policy with common destiny during the Xi Jinping era. In fact, China is not the only rising power trying to shape its periphery through Ambitious foreign policy initiatives, but the European Union has done this before. The purpose of the article is to show China's leaders with the right understanding of the international system and changing their strategic thinking have adopted appropriate foreign policy and consequently good neighborly diplomacy, and have been able to provide a safe environment for their development Which leads to a new regional order.
