Mohammad Ali Sharifi Kia; Farideh Shabani Jahromi
Abstract
The need to protect users' personal data in cyberspace is inevitable nowadays, thus governments and regional and international mechanisms such as the European Union have also taken legislative actions in this regard. On the other hand, the interpretation of the framework of laws adopted within the European ...
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The need to protect users' personal data in cyberspace is inevitable nowadays, thus governments and regional and international mechanisms such as the European Union have also taken legislative actions in this regard. On the other hand, the interpretation of the framework of laws adopted within the European Union is that the implementation of these laws is also limited to the territory of the constituent states of this regional body, while the provisions of the latest European Data Protection Document (GDPR: 2016) shows that it has extraterritorial character and can be applied outside the borders of the union. Therefore, this study uses a descriptive analytical method to examine the text of this document and its previous version (DPD: 1995), and the most important cases before the European Union Court of Justice regarding the transfer of European users’ personal data to the United States of America to clarify the possibility of cross-border application of this document in non-EU countries. Finally, the findings of the present study indicate that due to the significant political and economic power of the Union, the large number of European users in the Internet space, interpretations and opinions provided by the European Court, history of data transfer mechanisms between Europe and the United States, as well as the administrative mandates provided in this document, it can be said that in practice this regulation has extraterritorial character and is applied outside the union.
Hossein Hossein Delavar; Mohsen Eslami; Seyed Masoud Mousavi Shafaee
Abstract
China actively participated in the BRICS initiative in recent years. China uses the BRICS membership to forge political-economic power and present its dissatisfaction with the distribution of power in international politics. This paper examines the process of China-led BRICS operation to redistribute ...
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China actively participated in the BRICS initiative in recent years. China uses the BRICS membership to forge political-economic power and present its dissatisfaction with the distribution of power in international politics. This paper examines the process of China-led BRICS operation to redistribute power under certain conditions. The authors use a historical method and descriptive-analytical approach based on library resources to investigate the roots and logic of China's strategy in initiatives such as the BRICS in a US-dominated world. The findings show that China has pursued a Grand-pattern of balancing at the domestic and foreign levels; therefore, active participation in initiatives such as BRICS represents an aspect of external balance of the Chinese grand pattern To redistribute power through a soft balance strategy. The authors further identify the major soft balancing tactics that China employs through the BRICS, including Economic diplomacy .
