Arsalan Ghorbani Sheikhneshin; Shirin Haddad Zand
Abstract
The developments of the 21st century led to transformations in the world's environment in such a way that the issues related to environmental developments and events turned from a domestic issue into a global one. Therefore, in recent decades, attention has been paid to the issue of environment and the ...
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The developments of the 21st century led to transformations in the world's environment in such a way that the issues related to environmental developments and events turned from a domestic issue into a global one. Therefore, in recent decades, attention has been paid to the issue of environment and the use of new policies for solving them, such as the use of clean energy policy in the process of sustainable development in many countries. Chinese and American statesmen have taken effective steps to increase the use of environmental policy in order to achieve the goals of sustainable development. The main question of this research: What role has the use of clean energy in the politics of China and the United States in order to achieve sustainable development? In response to this hypothesis, it is investigated with a comparative-historical method that China and the United States have been able to meet the goals based on the sustainable development of society by using various policies in the field of clean energy renewable. Nevertheless, it seems that China, through the use of new policies, giving priority to clean energy etc., has been able to overtake the United States in the use of renewable energy and has been able to implement a part of its sustainable development policy with the balance between energy security and environmental protection.
Ali Bagheri Dolatabadi
Abstract
Health diplomacy is one of the aspects of modern diplomacy that has become popular in many countries of the world after the coronavirus pandemic. The purpose of this article is to examine the role of health diplomacy in maintaining and continuing China's economic growth as the coronavirus spreads in ...
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Health diplomacy is one of the aspects of modern diplomacy that has become popular in many countries of the world after the coronavirus pandemic. The purpose of this article is to examine the role of health diplomacy in maintaining and continuing China's economic growth as the coronavirus spreads in the country and the world. The main question is how did health diplomacy help China maintain its economic growth while other countries struggled with a recession? The main hypothesis of the research is that the functions of health diplomacy, such as increasing relations with other states, restoring international prestige, creating opportunities for economic benefits through export development, etc., helped China to maintain its economy dynamic. A qualitative method with an analytical-explanatory approach was applied for research and a library method was used for data collection. The findings show that China has achieved the following goals in the light of health diplomacy: it has gained new markets in developing countries; it has created international prestige for this country. It has portrayed a responsible and benevolent role from Beijing. As a result of these policies, the desire to buy health goods made in China increased in 2020, and China exports increased.
hossein Pour Ahmadi Meybodi; nemat allah pahlevani
Abstract
With the beginning of the new century, East Asia witnessed a redistribution of power and wealth by the structure of the international system; which changed the balance of power to the advantage of China and to the detriment of the region's traditional power, Japan. Accordingly, this study intends ...
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With the beginning of the new century, East Asia witnessed a redistribution of power and wealth by the structure of the international system; which changed the balance of power to the advantage of China and to the detriment of the region's traditional power, Japan. Accordingly, this study intends to survey the Japanese government's efforts to preserve its regional political and economic position, with the help of descriptive-analytical approach and qualitative method, and with emphasis on the new realism theory. The results of this study shows that Japan, as a declining regional power and with a rational standpoint, by calculating the costs and benefits of the available options, pursues a set of measures to further its national interests, achieving welfare and security goals. Thus, a review of the simultaneous economic, political, and security plans and actions proposed by Japan in response to China's expansionist plans can show the utilitarian foreign policy of the world's superpowers in the face of the threats of emerging powers.
fatemeh mahrough; Mohammad Karampouri
Abstract
The fundamental developments in the geopolitics of East Asia, along with the change in regional and international power equations, have forced Japan to reconsider its commitment to pacifism enshrined in the constitution. In this framework, the evolution of Japan's security and defense strategy ...
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The fundamental developments in the geopolitics of East Asia, along with the change in regional and international power equations, have forced Japan to reconsider its commitment to pacifism enshrined in the constitution. In this framework, the evolution of Japan's security and defense strategy after Fumio Kishida (known as the Kishida Doctrine) became priminister has become more noticeable than Shinzo Abe priministership. The current research tries to answer the question of what components have influenced the evolution of Japan's security and defense strategy during the Kishda era and the presentation of his doctrine. The main argument of the article is that the transformation in Japan's defense-security strategy is a response to the international and regional structural changes caused by the emergence of China as a system-challenging actor and the uncertainty of the commitments of the United States in its all-round support in the event of the occurrence of war and acute geopolitical tensions. Based on the theory of neo-realism, the findings of the research show the international and regional structural dynamics resulting from the global and regional intersection between China and the United States, the increasing pressure of the United States on Japan in order to increase the broader security and defense role, the increase in the arms race in East Asia, the international implications of Russia's attack on Ukraine, and the increase in Russian military movements in northern Japan, along with the stable factors of the increase in North Korea's nuclear and missile threats, have influenced the evolution of Japan's defense and security strategy. Therefore, Kishida's doctrine, emphasizing the necessity of playing a more dynamic role in global and regional politics and increasing the capabilities of defense-military capabilities, indicates Japan's turn from the previous defense strategy to the behavior of balancing active forces.
Afsaneh Yaryan; ali Salehifarsani; Hossain Abolfazli Karizi
Abstract
China is one of the great powers in the present age, especially economically, and is an active player in this field. China's foreign policy approach to the world is different. The purpose of this study is to examine Iran's position in China's foreign policy. The research question is based on what is ...
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China is one of the great powers in the present age, especially economically, and is an active player in this field. China's foreign policy approach to the world is different. The purpose of this study is to examine Iran's position in China's foreign policy. The research question is based on what is Iran's position in China's foreign policy and to answer the question, To answer the question, we test the hypothesis that China is in its foreign policy apparatus in order to counter US unilateralism in the Middle East and to secure the economic benefits of its future projects at the international system level it has a special place in Iran. The method of data collection is based on library and electronic, the method of research is qualitative and process tracking and inspired by the theory of realism. Findings show that China, based on the three strategies of developing economic cooperation, breakout and diversion, considers Iran's in its foreign policy important and has a special view of Iran in the Persian Gulf region. In fact, Iran paves the way for China to be able to supply its own energy source, challenge US-led regional order, seize the Middle East, divert US control from China, and create a large market for Find sales of your products.
Reza Ekhtiari Amiri; Javad Shafaghat
Abstract
During the previous years the geo-politic of South Asia has been a scene for competition of New-Delhi and Beijing thanks to the latter’s the Belt and Road Initiative. India views the initiative a threat for its national interests; on the one hand it could challenge India’s plan for becoming ...
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During the previous years the geo-politic of South Asia has been a scene for competition of New-Delhi and Beijing thanks to the latter’s the Belt and Road Initiative. India views the initiative a threat for its national interests; on the one hand it could challenge India’s plan for becoming regional hegemony and on the other hand the initiative could weaken India’s position in the international system. For these reasons, New-Delhi has adopted some policies in which prevent China to become a regional hegemony through the Belt and Road Initiative and meanwhile improve its own position regionally and internationally. Accordingly, the main question of the research is what are India’s policies in order to confront threats of China’s belt and Road initiative? The hypothesis is that in order to confront the Belt and Road Initiative and China increasingly power in the framework of this initiative, India has adopted some policies and strategies in foreign policy arena such as creating competing commercial corridors, development of maritime transport infrastructures, strengthen economic convergence with regional countries, increase naval power and influence, strengthen regional multilateralism with the aim of expanding technical and trade cooperation also trans-regional coalition, with the aim of balance of power. The research method is qualitative based on analytical- explanatory approach. The qualitative data was collected from library and internet resources. Also theory of balance of power was utilized in order to analyze the subject matter.
Mohamad Sadegh kooshki; Ahmad Ramezani
Abstract
Since the early 1990s, China has moved its energy supply to develop and expand cooperation with countries in the MENA region. The country also intensified its cooperation with the countries of the MENA region in 2004 by establishing the Arab-Chinese Cooperation Forum. China's economic presence in the ...
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Since the early 1990s, China has moved its energy supply to develop and expand cooperation with countries in the MENA region. The country also intensified its cooperation with the countries of the MENA region in 2004 by establishing the Arab-Chinese Cooperation Forum. China's economic presence in the MENA region is growing. The main question of the article is how will the Chinese military-security presence in the MENA region increase? The paper hypothesizes that China's growing economic presence and investment require a military presence to secure it. Findings show that increasing China's interests in the MENA region (maintaining energy security, protecting half a million citizens and investment companies) will be the main reason for the increase in China's security-military presence and influence in the MENA region. By applying the theory of realism and descriptive-analytical method, the relevant issues will be tried and examined. The documentary method will also be the basis for collecting material in this article.
fariborz arghavani pirsalami; hossein alipour
Abstract
China’s economic diplomacy has significantly contributed to its recent economic growth. The country manages the opportunieis and challenges made by Nationalism and Globalization by economic diplomacy. China considerably works on regional cooperation in Central Asia. Taking a descriptive-analytical ...
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China’s economic diplomacy has significantly contributed to its recent economic growth. The country manages the opportunieis and challenges made by Nationalism and Globalization by economic diplomacy. China considerably works on regional cooperation in Central Asia. Taking a descriptive-analytical method and based on economic data, the current research investigates opportunities and challenges that China's economic diplomacy must deal with in Central Asia. The findings show that China's economic diplomacy in Central Asia enjoys economic opportunities such as regional energy capacities, consumer markets, foreign demand for Chinese investment. In addition, China plays a key role in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. On the other hand, the country encounters political challenges such as the presence of rival powers in Central Asia, chinophobia in the region and the fragile governments in its neighborhood.
hossein asghari sani; Masoud Mousavi Shafaee; maryam borazjani
Abstract
Xinjiang Autonomous Region has been a complex puzzle for Chinese rulers throughout history and its people have been diverse in cultural, religious, and ethnic areas. In addition, geographical features and the existence of a border region challenge China's control on this area. Since 1949, the Uyghur ...
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Xinjiang Autonomous Region has been a complex puzzle for Chinese rulers throughout history and its people have been diverse in cultural, religious, and ethnic areas. In addition, geographical features and the existence of a border region challenge China's control on this area. Since 1949, the Uyghur separatists and the independence of East Turkestan as an internal problem. Since early 1990s, China has recognized the international aspects of this dilemma and has been forced to confront its consequences. The new policy affected China's relations with Turkey, which in addition to its historical, linguistic, religious and cultural ties with the Muslim Uighurs, was ideologically inspired by Uighur nationalism as well as a suitable place for Uyghur refugees.So the authors intend to investigate how the Xinjiang situation has affected China-Turkey relations. It seems that the quality and quantity of China-Turkey relations before the 1990s have been affected by the Xinjiang developments, and have been undermined, and the Xinjiang developments after the 1990s have been managed at the expense of the Uighurs by the economic, military and political relations between the two countries.
Ali Bagheri Dolatabadi
Abstract
China has actively pursued health diplomacy in the post-Corona era. The current research investigates the goals, motives and functions of Chinese health diplomacy. China's motivation is politico-economic, its goal is soft power, and its function is economic-political advantages. This research follows ...
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China has actively pursued health diplomacy in the post-Corona era. The current research investigates the goals, motives and functions of Chinese health diplomacy. China's motivation is politico-economic, its goal is soft power, and its function is economic-political advantages. This research follows a qualitative method and analytical-explanatory approach. Research data was collected from the press and digital sources. The findings show that China's health diplomacy, unlike during the Cold War, is no longer influenced by ideology, and that the country pursues economic-political targets. Beijing has used health diplomacy to promote its soft power in the world over the past three decades, especially after the global coronavirus outbreak. The United States and Europe’s negligence of Africa’s medical needs has led China to expand its health diplomacy in most African countries. The African demand for provide preventive equipment during the coronavirus outbreak, as well as the provision of vaccines in 2021, created unique opportunities for Beijing.
mahdiyeh heidari
Abstract
Abstract
With taking of power by Mohammed bin Salman in Saudi Arabia and rising of China as a great power, the development of foreign relations has become the focus of the two statets' foreign policy. So the main question is, what are the reasons for the expansion of these political, economic and cultural ...
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Abstract
With taking of power by Mohammed bin Salman in Saudi Arabia and rising of China as a great power, the development of foreign relations has become the focus of the two statets' foreign policy. So the main question is, what are the reasons for the expansion of these political, economic and cultural interactions between China and Saudi Arabia? The hypothetical hypothesis is that the expansion of Sino-Saudi interaction is due to three main reasons: first) China's guarantee of stable access to energy resources and diversification of its market share by Saudi Arabia, and second) competition and tension Regional and international, third) efforts to prevent the spread of extremist Islamism. Using Waltz's theory of realism, the findings show that Chinese leaders have sought to balance power in the face of US economic pressures by designing a one-way belt project and engaging Saudi interests with the project while accessing the country's energy. The United States has sought to strike a balance of power against Saudi Arabia's expansion of influence in the region, as well as to reduce tensions and pressure from the United States. The United States has been committed to Saudi Arabia by creating a new strategic ally at the regional and international levels. The method of data collection in this research is based on the library method and the research method is based on the descriptive-analytical method.
Hossein Hossein Delavar; Mohsen Eslami; Seyed Masoud Mousavi Shafaee
Abstract
China actively participated in the BRICS initiative in recent years. China uses the BRICS membership to forge political-economic power and present its dissatisfaction with the distribution of power in international politics. This paper examines the process of China-led BRICS operation to redistribute ...
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China actively participated in the BRICS initiative in recent years. China uses the BRICS membership to forge political-economic power and present its dissatisfaction with the distribution of power in international politics. This paper examines the process of China-led BRICS operation to redistribute power under certain conditions. The authors use a historical method and descriptive-analytical approach based on library resources to investigate the roots and logic of China's strategy in initiatives such as the BRICS in a US-dominated world. The findings show that China has pursued a Grand-pattern of balancing at the domestic and foreign levels; therefore, active participation in initiatives such as BRICS represents an aspect of external balance of the Chinese grand pattern To redistribute power through a soft balance strategy. The authors further identify the major soft balancing tactics that China employs through the BRICS, including Economic diplomacy .
Afshin Shamiri; zeynab farhadi
Abstract
Over the past few decades, China has concentrated on numerous resources, especially new power resources, to complete its all-aspects power. This research investigates the different reason for China’s increasing participation in international institutions as well as creating new economic ...
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Over the past few decades, China has concentrated on numerous resources, especially new power resources, to complete its all-aspects power. This research investigates the different reason for China’s increasing participation in international institutions as well as creating new economic and financial institutions. Findings show that China has taken a non-aggressive and peaceful approach to participating in international institutions and in some cases creates regional and international institutions (such as Shanghai Cooperation Organization, BRICS, and the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank) in order to change and strengthen its international position, and to change global security and economic arrangements. This approach, which stems from the dominance of the pragmatic approach in Chinese foreign policy, includes three stages of refusal, participation, and institutionalization in the international arena. The method of this research is a descriptive-analytical method.
mojgan ghorbani
Abstract
After the Cold War, One of the most important developments in China's foreign policy was Beijing's understanding to maintain friendly relations with neighboring countries. Good relations with neighbors have been established in order to provide a more favorable environment for domestic economic development ...
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After the Cold War, One of the most important developments in China's foreign policy was Beijing's understanding to maintain friendly relations with neighboring countries. Good relations with neighbors have been established in order to provide a more favorable environment for domestic economic development and then increase the country's wealth and power in world affairs. so China has developed an integrated regional policy called peripheral policy or neighborhood policy. The question is, what strategies has China adopted in its neighborhood policy, and what challenges does it face? it should be said that China's Neighborhood politics include good neighborly policy during the Deng Xiaoping era, neighbor policy as a partner during the Jiang Zemin era, good, secure and prosperous neighborhood policy during the Hu Jintao era and common society policy with common destiny during the Xi Jinping era. In fact, China is not the only rising power trying to shape its periphery through Ambitious foreign policy initiatives, but the European Union has done this before. The purpose of the article is to show China's leaders with the right understanding of the international system and changing their strategic thinking have adopted appropriate foreign policy and consequently good neighborly diplomacy, and have been able to provide a safe environment for their development Which leads to a new regional order.
fatemeh mahrough
Abstract
The evolution of the 21st century international system towards a complex and chaotic system, due to the simultaneous global and regional transition of power between China and the United States, has made the seas more prominent in the process of order transition. Such a transition can be seen ...
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The evolution of the 21st century international system towards a complex and chaotic system, due to the simultaneous global and regional transition of power between China and the United States, has made the seas more prominent in the process of order transition. Such a transition can be seen in Indo-Pacific maritime tensions, especially in the South China Sea. Such a multi-level transition has brought new challenges to the traditional model of power transition theory and it’s necessary to adjust it within the framework of complex systems. This paper examines the role do seas and oceans play in the transition of power in complex international systems? The author argues that competition to dominate the seas and oceans can be the point of transferring systemic pressures to the branches of the regional order and changing its security architecture towards a new maritime-based security order. The paper, using the multi-level power transition theory, contributes to a better understanding of the dynamics surrounding maritime competition and contestation between China and the United States in the process of power transition from a systemic perspective. The research method is deductive-inductive based on inference and synthesis. In this regard, at first the principles and rules of transition in complex and chaotic systems are extracted, then by combining them, the bifurcation transition model and comprehensive network control system is presented.
Afsane Danesh; vahid sinaee
Abstract
AbstractChina and India's rapid growth and development in recent years, with two different political structures, have made them an attractive phenomenon in development issues. In so far as that, the two countries have become models for other developing societies which seek to understand the relationship ...
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AbstractChina and India's rapid growth and development in recent years, with two different political structures, have made them an attractive phenomenon in development issues. In so far as that, the two countries have become models for other developing societies which seek to understand the relationship between political structure and development. India is a country with a democratic infrastructure, but China has an authoritarian and centralized system. The present paper seeks to examine the relationship between political structure and economic development in India and China based on the model of the developmental state of Adrian Leftwich. Therefore, the current article investigates the relationship between political structure and economic development in these two countries. We hypothesize that the existence of developmental state indicators in these two countries has led to the economic development of India and China. The level of democratic freedom does not necessarily determine development. This study shows that the existence of the characteristics of a developmental state, including developmental elites, the relative independence of the state, strong bureaucracy, and weak civil society, has provided the necessary grounds for development in China and India. This paper is based on data and documentary-library
Seyyed Saeed mirtorabi Hosseini; Sayyd Mohammad Hadi mosavi
Abstract
Abstract
United State emerged as a major economic and financial power after World War II and shaped a new order for institutionalization of world trade and financial exchanges which called Bretton Woods. During past decades, many changes have occurred in economic and trade structures of the world which ...
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Abstract
United State emerged as a major economic and financial power after World War II and shaped a new order for institutionalization of world trade and financial exchanges which called Bretton Woods. During past decades, many changes have occurred in economic and trade structures of the world which has been accelerated after financial and economic crisis in 2008, but it seems that these changes have not translated in current global financial structure completely. BRICS as an emerging economic and financial block has challenged Bretton Woods institutions and strengthened the possibility of shaping new order in global finance. This article, studies how BRICKS has challenged current western based world financial structure. The article shows that BRICS group as China based club, by making new multilateral institutions and procedures and struggle for reinforcing its presence in Bretton Woods institutions not only has weakened US structural power in global finance, but has strengthened its position in this era.
maryam borazjani; hossein asgharisani; Zahra Pourdast
Abstract
The presentation of a favorable image of national sovereignty and international prestige is regarded as an important demand for states in the international arena and a useful way to advance their policy goals. Government officials in various countries seek to not only promote the positive aspects of ...
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The presentation of a favorable image of national sovereignty and international prestige is regarded as an important demand for states in the international arena and a useful way to advance their policy goals. Government officials in various countries seek to not only promote the positive aspects of their international prestige but also to stabilize their global position. The dramatic growth and sudden rise of china's economy, on the one hand, increases the national power and on the other hand, strengthens the "China phobia" and a threatening image of China in the global powers' outlook. In contrast, in order to deal with the threat and neutralize the wave theory of "China phobia", the Chinese tried to take advantage of "public diplomacy" to present a peaceful and pro-cooperation image of their country. Accordingly, this study attempted to answer the question 'how "Public diplomacy" helped to change the negative image of China in the eyes of the world public opinion?' by using a qualitative approach to the analysis of data in the framework of public diplomacy and image making. It seems that this country has been able to replace the negative image presented by its opponents to the foreign public opinion with a positive one by focusing on branding in the areas of culture, education, and tourism.
Mohammad Javad ranjkesh; Ayoub Farkhondeh
Abstract
This article investigates the cultural diplomacy of the United States towards china post 9/11. The cultural diplomacy has been growing in importance in the US foreign policy due to the increasing development of communicational tools and technology as well as the September 11 attacks. The US government ...
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This article investigates the cultural diplomacy of the United States towards china post 9/11. The cultural diplomacy has been growing in importance in the US foreign policy due to the increasing development of communicational tools and technology as well as the September 11 attacks. The US government used a variety of tools in the context of its cultural diplomacy to restore its soft power and deliver an ideal picture of itself. As the United States' soft power and reputation in china, its greatest trade partner, had declined after the September 11 attacks and Afghanistan and Iraq invasions in 2001 and 2003, respectively, it tried to compensate its own reputation in that country. Accordingly, the present study tries to examine the concept, background, methods and approaches of United States' cultural diplomacy during 2001-2012. In this regard, we are to answer this main question that "what components do constitute the United States' cultural diplomacy structure?" The hypothesis of this paper focuses on three components. These three components are: Fast food industry in terms of two McDonald and KFC brands; promoting culture and values through English Language learning; Hollywoodism which is referred to as the Hollywood's strategy to secure the United States' national interests and disseminate the American way of life; The descriptive-analytic method has been applied in this paper. This research approach is based on the concept of public diplomacy and its subcomponents namely the cultural diplomacy, because the cultural diplomacy is one of the main components of public diplomacy. Results show that the public diplomacy and, in particular, cultural diplomacy had grown in importance after the September 11 attacks, so that US used cultural diplomacy tools to restore its reputation in global public opinion especially Chinese people. The above mentioned three components had a linchpin role in implementing cultural diplomacy in the United States' foreign policy towards china, because they didn't have an importance place in the US foreign policy before the September 11 attacks. September 11 events are among the main requirements of the international system the turned the way of using soft power by the United States upside down.
mohammad ali basiri; hassan ainehvand
Abstract
Abstract
After more than a decade of the dispute over Iranian nuclear program, finally this delicate issue came to an end through the signing of a nuclear deal between Iran and the 5+1 members. Russia, China and the United States are the main actors in Iranian nuclear case; whose role in relation to ...
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Abstract
After more than a decade of the dispute over Iranian nuclear program, finally this delicate issue came to an end through the signing of a nuclear deal between Iran and the 5+1 members. Russia, China and the United States are the main actors in Iranian nuclear case; whose role in relation to this case is undeniable. The United States with its pressure, threats and sanctions was trying to prevent Iran from obtaining the nuclear power. Introducing this program as a threat for international peace and security is the Washington policy to legitimize its actions against Iran, but Russia and China's approaches are different in nature. These two countries on one hand, in coordination with the West fears of Iran's nuclear power and on the other hand by defining themselves as pro-Iran, have taken ambiguous stances. The findings of this study show that the most important element affecting the politics of Moscow and Beijing in dealing with this crisis is Russia's and China's strategic relations with the United States. The main question of this paper is what factors influenced the foreign policy of the three countries in dealing with the nuclear issue? The main hypothesis of this study is that Russia and China rely on legal grounds in their opposition and have pragmatic strategic and tactical interactions with Iran in order to ensure their interests but the United States, in addition to legal-political restrictions imposed on Iran deals with ideological tensions against Iran. However all three countries have strategic relationship with each other, they have tactical relationship with Iran and they are against Iran becoming a nuclear power. This paper analyzes the research data by a comparative qualitative method.
Afshin Mottaghi; Mosayeb Ghareh-Beygi
Abstract
China has been in a process of intensive industrialisation in recent years; and as a result, the country is now one of the largest growing economies in the world. Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, China was exporting oil, but in 1993 it became to an importer of oil. China's economic growth in recent years ...
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China has been in a process of intensive industrialisation in recent years; and as a result, the country is now one of the largest growing economies in the world. Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, China was exporting oil, but in 1993 it became to an importer of oil. China's economic growth in recent years has turned the country into the second biggest consumer of energy and the third largest importer of crude oil in the world. The growing need for energy has raised the issue of energy security for China. Despite the country’s effort for the diversification of sources of its importing oil, the country has become more and more dependent on the oil of the Persian Gulf. China's current emphasis on the Persian Gulf as the energy market is historically unique. It is a relatively new player in the region; having no colonising history and unlike the US, not pursuing aggressive policies. The main question with which this study is concerned is: what is the significance of the Persian Gulf in China's foreign policy? Using a descriptive-analytical method, this paper comes to the conclusion that the Persian Gulf enjoys an important and strategic weight in the Chinese foreign policy.
